Internet-Draft JOSE/COSE Composite Signatures August 2026
Prabel, et al. Expires 28 February 2027 [Page]
Workgroup:
Javascript Object Signing and Encryption
Internet-Draft:
draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs-latest
Published:
Intended Status:
Standards Track
Expires:
Authors:
L. Prabel
Huawei
S. Sun
Huawei
J. Gray
Entrust
T. Reddy
Nokia

PQ/T Hybrid Composite Signatures for JOSE and COSE

Abstract

This document describes JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) serializations for PQ/T hybrid composite signatures. The composite algorithms described combine ML-DSA as the post-quantum component and either ECDSA or EdDSA as the traditional component.

About This Document

This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://ietf-wg-jose.github.io/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs.html. Status information for this document may be found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs/.

Discussion of this document takes place on the Javascript Object Signing and Encryption Working Group mailing list (mailto:jose@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/jose/. Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/jose/.

Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/ietf-wg-jose/draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on 28 February 2027.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction

The impact of a potential Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer (CRQC) on algorithms whose security is based on mathematical problems such as integer factorisation or discrete logarithms over finite fields or elliptic curves raises the need for new algorithms that are perceived to be secure against CRQC as well as classical computers. Such algorithms are called post-quantum, while algorithms based on integer factorisation or discrete logarithms are called traditional.

While switching from a traditional algorithm to a post-quantum one intends to strengthen the security against an adversary possessing a quantum computer, the lack of maturing time of post-quantum algorithms compared to traditional algorithms raises uncertainty about their security.

Thus, the joint use of a traditional algorithm and a post-quantum algorithm in protocols represents a solution to this problem by providing security as long as at least one of the traditional or post-quantum components remains secure.

This document describes JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) serializations for hybrid composite signatures. The composite algorithms described combine ML-DSA as the post-quantum component and either ECDSA or EdDSA as the traditional component.

2. Conventions and Definitions

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

This document follows the terminology for post-quantum hybrid schemes defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology].

This section recalls some of this terminology, but also adds other definitions used throughout the whole document:

"Asymmetric Traditional Cryptographic Algorithm": An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on integer factorisation, finite field discrete logarithms, elliptic curve discrete logarithms, or related mathematical problems. A related mathematical problem is one that can be solved by solving the integer factorisation, finite field discrete logarithm or elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem. Where there is little risk of confusion asymmetric traditional cryptographic algorithms can also be referred to as traditional algorithms for brevity.

"Post-Quantum Algorithm": An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm that is intended to be secure against attacks using quantum computers as well as classical computers. As with all cryptography, it always remains the case that attacks, either quantum or classical, may be found against post-quantum algorithms. Therefore it should not be assumed that just because an algorithm is designed to provide post-quantum security it will not be compromised.

"Post-Quantum Traditional (PQ/T) Hybrid Scheme": A multi-algorithm scheme where at least one component algorithm is a post-quantum algorithm and at least one is a traditional algorithm.

"PQ/T Hybrid Digital Signature": A multi-algorithm digital signature scheme made up of two or more component digital signature algorithms where at least one is a post-quantum algorithm and at least one is a traditional algorithm.

"Composite Algorithm": An algorithm which is a sequence of two component algorithms, as defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

"Component Algorithm": Each cryptographic algorithm that forms part of a cryptographic scheme.

3. Algorithm Key Pair (AKP) Type

This document makes use of the Algorithm Key Pair (AKP) type which is defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-cose-dilithium].

As a reminder, the AKP type is used to express public and private keys for use with algorithms. The parameters for public and private keys contain byte strings.

This document makes use of the serialization routines defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] to obtain the byte string encodings of the composite public and private keys.

The process to compute JWK Thumbprint and COSE Key Thumbprint as described in [RFC7638] and [RFC9679] is detailed in [I-D.draft-ietf-cose-dilithium].

4. Composite Signature Algorithm

The structures of the composite keys and composite signatures follow an approach similar to [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]. The composite design is chosen so that composite keys and signatures can be used as a drop-in replacement in JOSE / COSE object formats. This section gives some details about their construction.

4.1. Composite Key Generation

Composite public and private keys are generated by calling the key generation functions of the two component algorithms and concatenating the keys in an order given by the registered composite algorithm.

Composite Public Key <- Public Key of the 1st Algorithm || Public Key of the 2nd Algorithm and

Composite Private Key <- Private Key of the 1st Algorithm || Private Key of the 2nd Algorithm

For the composite algorithms described in this document (ML-DSA with ECDSA or EdDSA), the Key Generation process is as follows:

Composite-ML-DSA.KeyGen() -> (pk, sk)

1. Generate component keys

    mldsaSeed = Random(32)
    (mldsaPK, mldsaSK) = ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal(mldsaSeed)

    (tradPK, tradSK) = Trad.KeyGen()

2. Check for component key generation failure

    if NOT (mldsaPK, mldsaSK) or NOT (tradPK, tradSK):
        output "Key generation error"

3. Serialize keys into composite form

    pk <- SerializePublicKey(mldsaPK, tradPK)
    sk <- SerializePrivateKey(mldsaSeed, tradSK)

4. Output the composite public and private keys

    return (pk, sk)

As in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs], this keygen routine uses the seed-based ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal defined in Algorithm 6 of [FIPS.204].

This document makes use of the serialization routines from [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] to obtain the byte string encodings of the composite public and private keys. In particular, the ECDSA keys and signature are encoded exactly as required in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]: the signature as an Ecdsa-Sig-Value [RFC3279], the private key as an ECPrivateKey [RFC5915], and the ECDSA public key uses the uncompressed X9.62 [X9.62-2005] point encoding, including the leading 0x04 byte. Section Section 4.5 gives guidance on how to encode the ECDSA keys and signature.

These encodings are then used with the AKP Key Type. For more information, see the SerializePublicKey, DeserializePublicKey, SerializePrivateKey and DeserializePrivateKey algorithms from [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

For the AKP JSON Web Key Type and AKP COSE Key Type, point compression is performed for the EdDSA component, but not for the ECDSA component.

In this document, as in [I-D.draft-ietf-cose-dilithium], the ML-DSA private key MUST be a 32-bytes seed.

4.2. Composite Sign

When signing a message M with the composite Sign algorithm, the signature combiner prepends a prefix as well as a label value specific to the composite algorithm used to bind the two component signatures to the composite algorithm and achieve weak non-separability, as defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-pquip-hybrid-signature-spectrums].

However, only the pure ML-DSA component algorithm is used internally.

A composite signature's value MUST include the two signature components and the two components MUST be in the same order as the components from the corresponding signing key.

A composite signature for the message M is generated by:

  • computing the pre-hash of the message M;

  • concatenating the prefix, the label, a byte 0x00 and the pre-hash;

  • calling the two signature component algorithms on this new message;

  • concatenating the two output signatures.

For the composite algorithms described in this document (ML-DSA with ECDSA or EdDSA), the signature process of a message M is as follows:

Composite-ML-DSA.Sign(sk, M) -> s

1. Compute the Message representative M'

    M' <- Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M)

2. Separate the private key sk into component keys and re-generate the ML-DSA key from seed

    (mldsaSeed, tradSK) = DeserializePrivateKey(sk)
    (_, mldsaSK) = ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal(mldsaSeed)

3. Generate the two component signatures

    mldsaSig <- ML-DSA.Sign(mldsaSK, M', ctx=Label)
    tradSig <- Trad.Sign(tradSK, M')

4. If either ML-DSA.Sign() or Trad.Sign() return an error, then this process MUST return an error.

    if NOT mldsaSig or NOT tradSig:
      output "Signature generation error"

5. Output the encoded composite signature value.

    s <- SerializeSignatureValue(mldsaSig, tradSig)
    return s

The serialization routines from [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] are again used to obtain the byte string encoding of the composite signature. The SerializeSignatureValue routine concatenates the fixed-length ML-DSA signature value and the signature value from the traditional algorithm. For the ECDSA component, this document follows [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]: the ECDSA signature is encoded as an Ecdsa-Sig-Value [RFC3279] (see Section 4.5.1).For more information, see the SerializeSignatureValue and DeserializeSignatureValue algorithms from [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

The prefix "Prefix" string is defined as in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] as the byte encoding of the string "CompositeAlgorithmSignatures2025", which in hex is 436F6D706F73697465416C676F726974686D5369676E61747572657332303235. It can be used by a traditional verifier to detect if the composite signature has been stripped apart.

A signature label "Label" is defined in the same way as [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]. It is specific to each composite algorithm. Additionally, the composite label is passed into the underlying ML-DSA primitive as the ctx. Signature Label values can be found in Table 7.

Similarly to [I-D.draft-ietf-cose-dilithium] which indicates that the ctx parameter MUST be the empty string, the application context passed in to the composite signature algorithm MUST be the empty string. To align with the structure of the [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] combiner, the byte 0x00 is appended in the message M' after the label to indicate the context has length 0. However, a second non-empty context, defined as the label, is passed down into the underlying pure ML-DSA component algorithm, to bind the Composite-ML-DSA algorithm used.

Table 5 (resp. Table 6) indicates the pre-hash algorithms to use for JOSE (resp. COSE).

M' is signed as a raw octet string in both JOSE and COSE.

4.3. Composite Verify

The Verify algorithm MUST validate a signature only if all component signatures were successfully validated.

The verification process of a signature sig is as follows:

  • separate the composite public key into the component public keys;

  • separate the composite signature into its 2 component signatures;

  • compute the message M' from the message M whose signature is to be verified;

  • verify each component signature.

Composite-ML-DSA.Verify(pk, M, s) -> true or false

1. Separate the keys and signatures

    (mldsaPK, tradPK) <- DeserializePublicKey(pk)
    (mldsaSig, tradSig) <- DeserializeSignatureValue(s)

    If Error during deserialization, or if any of the component keys or signature values are not of the correct type or length for the given component algorithm then output "Invalid signature" and stop.

2. Compute the message representative M'

    M' <- Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M)

3. Check each component signature individually, according to its algorithm specification.

    if NOT ML-DSA.Verify(mldsaPK, M', ctx=Label)
        output "Invalid signature"
    if NOT Trad.Verify(tradPK, M')
        output "Invalid signature"
    if all succeeded, then
        output "Valid signature"

The DeserializePublicKey and DeserializeSignatureValue serialization routines from [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs] are used to get the component public keys and the component signatures. For ECDSA, tradSig is encoded as Ecdsa-Sig-Value described in Section 4.5.1. For more information, see the DeserializePublicKey and DeserializeSignatureValue algorithms from [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

4.4. Encoding Rules

In each combination, the byte streams of the keys and of the signatures are directly concatenated.

Signature of the 1st Algorithm || Signature of the 2nd Algorithm

Since all combinations presented in this document start with the ML-DSA algorithm and the key or signature sizes are fixed as defined in [FIPS.204], it is unambiguous to encode or decode a composite key or signature.

Table 1 lists sizes of the three parameter sets of the ML-DSA algorithm.

Table 1: Sizes (in bytes) of keys and signatures of ML-DSA
Algorithm Private Key (seed) Private Key Public Key Signature Size
ML-DSA-44 32 2560 1312 2420
ML-DSA-65 32 4032 1952 3309
ML-DSA-87 32 4896 2592 4627

Note that the seed is always 32 bytes, and that ML-DSA.KeyGen_internal from [FIPS.204] is called to produce the expanded private key from the seed, whose size corresponds to the sizes of the private key in the table above.

4.5. ECDSA Encodings

This section describes how to construct and parse the three ECDSA encodings required by this document: the DER-encoded Ecdsa-Sig-Value [RFC3279] and ECPrivateKey [RFC5915] structures, and the X9.62 [X9.62-2005] uncompressed point encoding used for public keys. None of it requires implementers to write a general-purpose ASN.1 encoder or decoder, but implementers who already have access to a standard ASN.1/DER library MAY simply use it instead for the two DER structures.

Table 2: Sizes (in bytes) of ECDSA keys and signatures as encoded in this document
Field Encoding used in this document P-256 P-384
Private key ECPrivateKey (Section 4.5.2) 51 64
Public key X9.62 uncompressed point (Section 4.5.3) 65 97
Signature Ecdsa-Sig-Value (Section 4.5.1) ≤ 72 ≤ 104

4.5.1. Ecdsa-Sig-Value (Signatures)

Ecdsa-Sig-Value is defined in Section 2.2.3 of [RFC3279] as:

Ecdsa-Sig-Value ::= SEQUENCE {
    r     INTEGER,
    s     INTEGER
}

r and s are the same big-endian integer values already used today by [RFC7518] and [RFC9053], where they are zero-padded to a fixed length for a given curve (32 bytes each for P-256, 48 bytes each for P-384). As integers, however, r and s can have fewer significant bytes than this fixed length whenever their leading bytes happen to be zero; Step 1 below removes this padding before re-encoding them as DER INTEGERs. Building an Ecdsa-Sig-Value from r and s takes two steps:

  • first, r and s are each turned independently into a DER INTEGER (Step 1);

  • then the two results are wrapped in a DER SEQUENCE (Step 2).

Decoding simply reverses these two steps. No prior ASN.1 knowledge is assumed below.

Step 1: encode r and s as DER INTEGERs.

A DER INTEGER is written as a 0x02 tag byte, a length byte, and the value's bytes. Because a DER INTEGER is signed, an extra 0x00 byte is prepended whenever the value would otherwise be misread as negative, i.e. whenever its first byte is 0x80 or greater.

Table 3 explains how to turn a raw value (r or s) into its DER encoding.

Table 3: Turning a raw value (r or s) into its DER encoding
After removing any leading 0x00 bytes from the raw value (keeping at least 1 byte), the first remaining byte is... ...then its DER encoding is
less than 0x80 0x02, then the length in bytes of the trimmed value, then the trimmed value
0x80 or greater 0x02, then the length in bytes of the trimmed value plus 1, then 0x00, then the trimmed value

The length is always written as a single byte in this document: r, s, and their DER encodings are always well under 128 bytes, so DER's multi-byte "long form" length encoding is never needed here.

For example, for P-256 (32-byte r and s):

  • if r starts with 4F ... (no leading zero byte, and 0x4F is less than 0x80), its DER encoding is 02 20 <r, 32 bytes> (0x20 = 32);

  • if r starts with F3 ... (no leading zero byte, and 0xF3 is greater than 0x80), its DER encoding is 02 21 00 <r, 32 bytes> (0x21 = 33);

  • if r starts with 00 07 ... (one leading zero byte to remove, and 0x07 is less than 0x80), its DER encoding is 02 1F <r without its leading 0x00, 31 bytes> (0x1F = 31).

Step 2: wrap r's and s's DER encodings in a SEQUENCE.

Using the two encodings produced in Step 1, the full Ecdsa-Sig-Value is simply the concatenation

Ecdsa-Sig-Value <- 0x30 || length || r's DER encoding || s's DER encoding

where length is a single byte equal to the combined length, in bytes, of r's and s's DER encodings from Step 1, and r's encoding always comes before s's.

Continuing the example above: taking r's DER encoding from the third case (02 1F <31 bytes>, 33 bytes total) and an s whose DER encoding corresponds to the first case (02 20 <32 bytes>, 34 bytes total), the combined length is 33 + 34 = 67 = 0x43, and the full Ecdsa-Sig-Value is 30 43 <r's DER encoding> <s's DER encoding> (69 bytes total).

Decoding reverses Steps 2 and 1, in that order.

4.5.2. ECPrivateKey (Private Keys)

ECPrivateKey is defined in [RFC5915] as:

ECPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
    version        INTEGER { ecPrivkeyVer1(1) } (ecPrivkeyVer1),
    privateKey     OCTET STRING,
    parameters [0] ECParameters {{ NamedCurve }} OPTIONAL,
    publicKey  [1] BIT STRING OPTIONAL
}

Given the raw, fixed-length ECDSA private value d (curve size n: 32 bytes for P-256, 48 bytes for P-384), the ECPrivateKey is simply d inserted between two fixed byte sequences that depend only on the curve (the publicKey field is never included), as given in Table 4:

Table 4: Fixed bytes surrounding d in an ECPrivateKey, by curve
Curve Bytes before d Bytes after d
P-256 30 31 02 01 01 04 20 A0 0A 06 08 2A 86 48 CE 3D 03 01 07
P-384 30 3E 02 01 01 04 30 A0 07 06 05 2B 81 04 00 22

For example, for P-256 (n = 32), with d = D1 D2 ...D32:

30 31                                 SEQUENCE (length 0x31 = 49)
   02 01 01                           version (INTEGER, value 1)
   04 20 D1 D2 ... D32                private key (OCTET STRING)
   A0 0A                              parameters (A0: explicit tag 0)
      06 08 2A 86 48 CE 3D 03 01 07   OID (OBJECT IDENTIFIER, P-256)

Decoding reverses the same construction.

4.5.3. X9.62 Uncompressed Point (Public Keys)

The ECDSA public key in this document is encoded as the X9.62 [X9.62-2005] uncompressed point:

ECDSA public key <- 0x04 || x || y

where x and y are the same raw, fixed-length, big-endian coordinate values already used by [RFC7518] and [RFC9053] (32 bytes each for P-256, 48 bytes each for P-384).

5. Composite Signature Instantiations

The ML-DSA signature scheme supports three possible parameter sets, each of which corresponding to a specific security strength. See [FIPS.204] for more considerations on that matter.

The traditional signature algorithm for each combination in Table 5 and Table 6 was chosen to match the security level of the ML-DSA post-quantum component.

The [FIPS.204] specification defines both pure and pre-hash modes for ML-DSA, referred to as "ML-DSA" and "HashML-DSA" respectively. This document only specifies a single mode which is similar in construction to HashML-DSA. However, because the pre-hashing is done at the composite level, only the pure ML-DSA algorithm is used as the underlying ML-DSA primitive.

5.1. JOSE algorithms

The following table defines a list of algorithms associated with specific PQ/T combinations to be registered in [IANA.JOSE].

Table 5: JOSE Composite Signature Algorithms for ML-DSA
Name First Algorithm Second Algorithm Pre-Hash Description
ML-DSA-44-ES256 ML-DSA-44 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-65-ES256 ML-DSA-65 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-87-ES384 ML-DSA-87 ecdsa-with-SHA384 with P-384 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA384
ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 ML-DSA-44 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 ML-DSA-65 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-87-Ed448 ML-DSA-87 Ed448 SHAKE256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448

Examples can be found in Appendix A.1.

5.2. COSE algorithms

The following table defines a list of algorithms associated with specific PQ/T combinations to be registered in [IANA.COSE].

Table 6: COSE Composite Signature Algorithms for ML-DSA
Name COSE Value First Algorithm Second Algorithm Pre-Hash Description
ML-DSA-44-ES256 TBD (request assignment -54) ML-DSA-44 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-65-ES256 TBD (request assignment -55) ML-DSA-65 ecdsa-with-SHA256 with P-256 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA256
ML-DSA-87-ES384 TBD (request assignment -56) ML-DSA-87 ecdsa-with-SHA384 with P-384 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA384
ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 TBD (request assignment -57) ML-DSA-44 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 TBD (request assignment -58) ML-DSA-65 Ed25519 SHA512 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519
ML-DSA-87-Ed448 TBD (request assignment -59) ML-DSA-87 Ed448 SHAKE256 Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448

Examples can be found in Appendix A.2.

5.3. Composite Labels for JOSE and COSE

The JOSE and COSE composite label values are listed in Table 7.

They are represented here as ASCII strings, but implementers MUST convert them to byte strings using the obvious ASCII conversions prior to concatenating them with other byte values, as in [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

Table 7: JOSE/COSE Composite Label Values
"alg" Header Parameter Label (in ASCII) Label (in Hex encoding)
ML-DSA-44-ES256 COMPSIG-MLDSA44-ECDSA-P256-SHA256 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 34 34 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 32 35 36 2D 53 48 41 32 35 36
ML-DSA-65-ES256 COMPSIG-MLDSA65-ECDSA-P256-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 36 35 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 32 35 36 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-87-ES384 COMPSIG-MLDSA87-ECDSA-P384-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 38 37 2D 45 43 44 53 41 2D 50 33 38 34 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 COMPSIG-MLDSA44-Ed25519-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 34 34 2D 45 64 32 35 35 31 39 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 COMPSIG-MLDSA65-Ed25519-SHA512 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 36 35 2D 45 64 32 35 35 31 39 2D 53 48 41 35 31 32
ML-DSA-87-Ed448 COMPSIG-MLDSA87-Ed448-SHAKE256 43 4F 4D 50 53 49 47 2D 4D 4C 44 53 41 38 37 2D 45 64 34 34 38 2D 53 48 41 4B 45 32 35 36

6. Security Considerations

The security considerations of the component algorithms (ML-DSA, ECDSA, and EdDSA) as described in [FIPS.204], [RFC6090], and [RFC8032] apply to this document.

Similarly, the security considerations relative to the JWS, JWK, and COSE structures [RFC7515], [RFC7517] and [RFC9053] apply to this document.

In addition, the following considerations specific to the composite design and its use in JOSE/COSE must be taken into account.

6.1. Hybrid Security and Quantum Resistance

An important objective of Composite ML-DSA is to provide protection against CRQCs. Under a CRQC, traditional signature algorithms (RSA, ECDSA, and EdDSA) are vulnerable to private-key recovery, enabling attackers to forge arbitrary JWS objects or COSE_Sign/COSE_Sign1 structures and fully impersonate the signer.

By requiring the successful verification of both the ML-DSA component and the traditional component, this construction ensures:

  • Dual-Algorithm Security: An adversary that compromises only one of the component algorithms cannot produce cryptographically protected JOSE/COSE objects as long as the other component remains secure.

  • Impersonation Prevention: In particular, this prevents JOSE/COSE signature spoofing and impersonation attacks even if the traditional signature component is compromised.

  • EUF-CMA Security: The scheme provides existential unforgeability under chosen-message attack (EUF-CMA) provided that at least one component algorithm is EUF-CMA secure and the pre-hash function PH is collision-resistant. This is the case for all combinations present in this document.

6.2. Component Key Integrity and Reuse

To maintain the security properties of the composite scheme, strict key management is required:

  • No Key Reuse: To avoid key reuse, when generating a new composite key, the generation functions for both component algorithms MUST be executed. Moreover, compliant parties MUST NOT use, import, or export component keys that are used in other contexts, combinations, or as standalone keys.

  • Certificate-Level Protection: The integrity of the composite public key is protected through mandatory validation of the certificate header (the x5c header in JOSE per [RFC7515] or the x5chain header in COSE per [RFC9360]). Because the certificate itself is protected by a composite signature, an attacker cannot forge a fake certificate to swap a public key even if the traditional algorithm is broken. These specifications require the validation of the composite signature on the certificate itself.

6.3. Domain Separation and Non-Separability

This document uses a signature combiner that prepends a fixed Prefix and a specific Label to the message representative M'.

  • Non-separability: By binding the two component signatures to the specific composite algorithm, the composite scheme achieves "weak non-separability" as defined in [I-D.draft-ietf-pquip-hybrid-signature-spectrums].

  • Cross-Algorithm Prevention: The unique label, specific to each composite algorithm, ensures that signatures cannot be removed from the composite and used in other contexts.

For more information about the security properties relative to the signature combiner, the user can read [I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs].

6.4. Security Objectives and Limitations

In JOSE/COSE, the security objective of digital signatures is to ensure that only an authorized signer can produce a valid signature over a given protected header and payload.

Therefore, users should be aware of specific scenarios where Composite ML-DSA may not be appropriate:

  • SUF-CMA Security: While the construction is SUF-CMA secure against classical adversaries when paired with Ed25519 or Ed448, it is not SUF-CMA secure against quantum adversaries (who can break the traditional component). Consequently, applications for which SUF-CMA security is a strict requirement MUST NOT use Composite ML-DSA.

  • Non-repudiation: Composite ML-DSA is not suitable for use cases that require non-repudiation or signature uniqueness guarantees. In the JOSE/COSE threat model described above, existential unforgeability under chosen-message attack (EUF-CMA) is sufficient to meet the intended security goals.

  • Replay Protection: This is not handled by the signature itself but must be addressed through claims such as exp, nbf, and jti in JOSE (Section 4.1 of [RFC7519]) or the equivalent claims in COSE (Section 3 of [RFC8392]).

7. IANA Considerations

7.1. JOSE Algorithms

The following values of the JWS "alg" (algorithm) are requested to be added to the "JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms" registry. They are represented following the registration template provided in [RFC7518].

7.1.1. ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): n/a

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): TBD

7.1.2. ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): n/a

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): TBD

7.1.3. ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): n/a

  • Algorithm Analysis Documents(s): TBD

7.1.4. ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): n/a

  • Algorithm Analysis Document(s): TBD

7.1.5. ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): n/a

  • Algorithm Analysis Document(s): TBD

7.1.6. ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Algorithm Name: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Algorithm Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448 using SHAKE-256

  • Algorithm Usage Location(s): alg

  • JOSE Implementation Requirements: Optional

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Specification Document(s): n/a

  • Algorithm Analysis Document(s): TBD

7.2. COSE Algorithms

The following values are requested to be added to the "COSE Algorithms" registry. They are represented following the registration template provided in [RFC9053], [RFC9054].

7.2.1. ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Name: ML-DSA-44-ES256

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -54)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: n/a

  • Recommended: Yes

7.2.2. ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Name: ML-DSA-65-ES256

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -55)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: n/a

  • Recommended: Yes

7.2.3. ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Name: ML-DSA-87-ES384

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -56)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: n/a

  • Recommended: Yes

7.2.4. ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Name: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -57)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-44 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: n/a

  • Recommended: Yes

7.2.5. ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Name: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -58)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-65 and Ed25519 using SHA-512

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: n/a

  • Recommended: Yes

7.2.6. ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Name: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

  • Value: TBD (request assignment -59)

  • Description: Composite Signature with ML-DSA-87 and Ed448 using SHAKE-256

  • Capabilities: [kty]

  • Change Controller: IETF

  • Reference: n/a

  • Recommended: Yes

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[FIPS.204]
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard", , <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.204.pdf>.
[IANA.COSE]
IANA, "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/cose.xhtml>.
[IANA.JOSE]
IANA, "JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)", n.d., <https://www.iana.org/assignments/jose/jose.xhtml>.
[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC3279]
Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, DOI 10.17487/RFC3279, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3279>.
[RFC5915]
Turner, S. and D. Brown, "Elliptic Curve Private Key Structure", RFC 5915, DOI 10.17487/RFC5915, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5915>.
[RFC6090]
McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, DOI 10.17487/RFC6090, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6090>.
[RFC7515]
Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Signature (JWS)", RFC 7515, DOI 10.17487/RFC7515, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515>.
[RFC7517]
Jones, M., "JSON Web Key (JWK)", RFC 7517, DOI 10.17487/RFC7517, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517>.
[RFC7518]
Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)", RFC 7518, DOI 10.17487/RFC7518, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7518>.
[RFC7638]
Jones, M. and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Key (JWK) Thumbprint", RFC 7638, DOI 10.17487/RFC7638, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7638>.
[RFC8032]
Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032, DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8032>.
[RFC8174]
Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC9679]
Isobe, K., Tschofenig, H., and O. Steele, "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) Key Thumbprint", RFC 9679, DOI 10.17487/RFC9679, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9679>.
[X9.62-2005]
American National Standards Institute, "Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)", ANSI X9.62-2005, .

8.2. Informative References

[I-D.draft-ietf-cose-dilithium]
Prorock, M. and O. Steele, "ML-DSA for JOSE and COSE", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-11, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-cose-dilithium-11>.
[I-D.draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs]
Ounsworth, M., Gray, J., Pala, M., Klaußner, J., and S. Fluhrer, "Composite Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA) for use in X.509 Public Key Infrastructure", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs-19, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-lamps-pq-composite-sigs-19>.
[I-D.draft-ietf-pquip-hybrid-signature-spectrums]
Bindel, N., Hale, B., Connolly, D., and F. D, "Hybrid signature spectrums", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-pquip-hybrid-signature-spectrums-07, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-pquip-hybrid-signature-spectrums-07>.
[I-D.draft-ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology]
D, F., P, M., and B. Hale, "Terminology for Post-Quantum Traditional Hybrid Schemes", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology-06, , <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-pquip-pqt-hybrid-terminology-06>.
[RFC7519]
Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token (JWT)", RFC 7519, DOI 10.17487/RFC7519, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7519>.
[RFC8392]
Jones, M., Wahlstroem, E., Erdtman, S., and H. Tschofenig, "CBOR Web Token (CWT)", RFC 8392, DOI 10.17487/RFC8392, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8392>.
[RFC9053]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Initial Algorithms", RFC 9053, DOI 10.17487/RFC9053, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9053>.
[RFC9054]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Hash Algorithms", RFC 9054, DOI 10.17487/RFC9054, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9054>.
[RFC9360]
Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Header Parameters for Carrying and Referencing X.509 Certificates", RFC 9360, DOI 10.17487/RFC9360, , <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9360>.

Appendix A. Examples

A.1. JOSE 

=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "ecdsa_d": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "bJ8aA7ZIsHYNGb4GVaIxupyHLmFNuU1jThxqAXK0Sio",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-44-ES256",
    "pub": "unH59k4RuutY-\
pxvu24U5h8YZD2rSVtHU5qRZsoBmBMcRPgmu9VuNOVdteXi1zNIXjnqJg_GAAxepLqA0\
0Vc3lO0bzRIKu39VFD8Lhuk8l0V-cFEJC-\
zm7UihxiQMMUEmOFxe3x1ixkKZ0jqmqP3rKryx8tSbtcXyfea64QhT6XNje2SoMP6FVi\
BDxLHBQo2dwjRls0k5a-\
XSQSu2OTOiHLoaWsLe8pQ5FLNfTDqmkrawDEdZyxr3oSWJAsHQxRjcIiVzZuvwxYy1zl\
2STiP2vy_fTBaPemkleynQzqPg7oPCyXEE8bjnJbrfWkbNNN8438e6tHPIX4l7zTuzz9\
8YPhLjt_d6EBdT4MldsYe-\
Y4KLyjaGHcAlTkk9oa5RhRwW89T0z_t1DSO3dvfKLUGXh8gd1BD6Fz5MfgpF5NjoafnQ\
EqDjsAAhrCXY4b-\
Y3yYJEdX4_dp3dRGdHG_rWcPmgX4JG7lCnser4f8QGnDriqiAzJYEXeS8LzUngg_0bx0\
lqv_KcyU5IaLISFO0xZSU5mmEPvdSoDnyAcV8pV44qhLtAvd29n0ehG259oRihtljTWe\
iu9V60a1N2tbZVl5mEqSK-\
6_xZvNYA1TCdzNctvweH24unV7U3wer9XA9Q6kvJWDVJ4oKaQsKMrCSMlteBJMRxWbGK\
7ddUq6F7GdQw-3j2M-qdJvVKm9UPjY9rc1lPgol25-oJxTu7nxGlbJUH-\
4m5pevAN6NyZ6lfhbjWTKlxkrEKZvQXs_Yf6cpXEwpI_ZJeriq1UC1XHIpRkDwdOY9MH\
3an4RdDl2r9vGl_IwlKPNdh_5aF3jLgn7PCit1FNJAwC8fIncAXgAlgcXIpRXdfJk4bB\
iO89GGccSyDh2EgXYdpG3XvNgGWy7npuSoNTE7WIyblAk13UQuO4sdCbMIuriCdyfE73\
mvwj15xgb07RZRQtFGlFTmnFcIdZ90zDrWXDbANntv7KCKwNvoTuv64bY3HiGbj-NQ-\
U9eMylWVpvr4hrXcES8c9K3PqHWADZC0iIOvlzFv4VBoc_wVflcOrL_SIoaNFCNBAZZq\
-2v5lAgpJTqVOtqJ_HVraoSfcKy5g45p-\
qULunXj6Jwq21fobQiKubBKKOZwcJFyJD7F4ACKXOrz-\
HIvSHMCWW_9dVrRuCpJw0s0aVFbRqopDNhu446nqb4_EDYQM1tTHMozPd_jKxRRD0sH7\
5X8ZoToxFSpLBDbtdWcenxj-\
zBf6IGWfZnmaetjKEBYJWC7QDQx1A91pJVJCEgieCkoIfTqkeQuePpIyu48g2FG3P1zj\
RF-\
kumhUTfSjo5qS0YiZQy0E1BMs6M11EvuxXRsHClLHoy5nLYI2Sj4zjVjYyxSHyPRPGGo\
9hwB34yWxzYNtPPGiqXS_dNCpi_zRZwRY4lCGrQ-\
hYTEWIK1Dm5OlttvC4_eiQ1dv63NiGkLRJ5kJA3bICN0fzCDY-\
MBqnd1cWn8YVBijVkgtaoascjL9EywDgJdeHnXK0eeOvUxHHhXJVkNqcibn8O4RQdpVU\
60TSA-uiu675ytIjcBHC6kTv8A8pmkj_4oypPd-F92YIJC741swkYQoeIHj8rE-\
ThcMUkF7KqC5VORbZTRp8HsZSqgiJcIPaouuxd1-\
8Rxrid3fXkE6p8bkrysPYoxWEJgh7ZFsRCPDWX-yTeJwFN0PKFP1j0F6YtlLfK5wv-\
c4F8ZQHA_-\
yc_gODicy7KmWDZgbTP07e7gEWzw4MFRrndjbDQRrF9Hy4SxCR_i85uVjpEDydwN9gS3\
          rM6D0oTlF2JjClk_jQuL-Gn-bjufrSnwPnhYrzjNXazFezsu2QGg3v1H1",
    "priv": "\
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwMQIBAQQgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\
                         AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGgCgYIKoZIzj0DAQc"
  },
  "jws": "\
eyJhbGciOiJNTC1EU0EtNDQtRVMyNTYiLCJraWQiOiJiSjhhQTdaSXNIWU5HYjRHVmFJ\
eHVweUhMbUZOdVUxalRoeHFBWEswU2lvIn0.\
SXQncyBhIGRhbmdlcm91cyBidXNpbmVzcywgRnJvZG8sIGdvaW5nIG91dCB5b3VyIGRv\
b3Iu.\
n4lG9qkiRMktRpBwUO2U_G5mP7tk1Vf7nNX_0OX398PDkz0wmqHgqLodXrVEmErocDkA\
tSusGOEK-MRIdP7mV_6vy4sjXf_U3cbyDiTu8f9j12jPxjFD7tsx--\
Ld5jLiaCcE17uiacS_w0jQaOhA68nz9Et5U16QfDNLlP9k1pKLuwMFEMoJ8yeNOIzvmu\
3A3aZtD63-\
8gVX3jNGngxoDcSxkrDdeIM1r6Nmvvbe_ZJaIhcYPAmyObtmF9UbSm1SqL7lYBh7kOnK\
268DOj4cG950nKjbS84fRfymZf-yb1Slc24DOJj54PGe6KH5wdckUi-\
o2M3WjmA9VywIkMOpKIziqPC0hHe6Rc2V6uQ9c5XgdBptTxDqk8R_u5lk51hdIHk2C5p\
d_VnZEIE9kWym4MevcLcQkD6KLA-KkDmqoIOiLQA9wzy-\
C2EVTwXFKkWC7IBNKGBXHXNVA9XmNdcTNroM7RRVve2MjM9M5uECQl8l6G5Rc9zsck9P\
uicRRc097_2L6fPQ_CoHZ-MK9iu0f0-\
5spAI60ZikKqp68pVixDFhQ8k59Mby7MTNfkEGLWzAE0XQJrpzJ8_f0IRtWCTyktvqwo\
Ptf81OrKz-MQvV2ii-\
xviKmGqOBnqcAglK_l1OQGbwBa2e1ZlCqJpo2wwtaWzO80KOnKjssuHhidEyjwJArr5a\
8QppITZvKyVrbIWydFhznpD-\
KeqPKQUM8NhlkqI02PE9TCTmBGa_lYkLbLc5GPUJ1WooDYzG21_Okbg9kJDAnK6BqFeG\
IGEmsqVDBPO4zc9tNVm61HCycG9qTgjqN7z-\
8rzB6pqCJT0hygSfCPi6LmHswsiOt9gWPxTgtTQGvQWir-\
htv7LRMC7aM0QDhyJVfM4z3mpx1aJn7cfPgpV1Zx3SEycfHaXYHrIsQjgKA6nFTgtBD-\
iA26967TUHKCL6RyJ_nV6Uw60eMRK1GX8YTtqst6WjGN6m9imXQL3fHwER7hg-\
9m6yyWGojunqmlYe758kC4WrkfGjigR486-GFGwIeZ-\
NaZ39cqAn0tRHySn_P6vtTLRTDwz6y_qARuEERKOIAQx340FDzRXlAqezRjW_7AUOlex\
OpJCzMDiimM3ChDKKUvf3WHejoDCNKdkxwyawOlg__4Lyy_pS4e_mIhMmHL2ALslYYAc\
IWDk2cb_XLy8KsX9nLU3Wa2swYwUJRsUlHaTBFtOL95xBVUJ-\
jMnO0oBKGTlCX1EZ6Hr90cGOJtGj0ngAbuZWJ89vCfyu14o7XbyJMJnbwsRDyJcVTVRk\
HamSdARqd5O-\
S6dNzEICSYxmBCkypBxpM4Mrv_sE4ZWwhNb8a8SOL5vr4MssTRJF_g8fwOj2rK_gLjUs\
h1Ui9qd9si5UIMaXkBvmijGMbu07cVPjsCfyV52uc5wiOCWPvKGiSnf9_jj0d7fY4m2P\
9S1C5sPc4PC2UueRHgv-H00ZJay3Pt7az1MY6B3uMMFiUc78-\
k2pl4y1lVJNciEhwhQdm_dN2uU-\
WwNmfR_XhxiAk4zib_PIA6JhrzUb5zoSapcVUymMP4a8QUp3vb455rHvWV_V0wMY2-\
wni1rgscMTQsxrEEI3p_pAx1nojzuwc8ixkf7xBcGo3Rqrwxf6NwLa8ZTEl1KA2NMLUM\
UIN_yRAqBZ5OUKqu139qHTROOw48Eu6cBouWLAkkaVVECS7VvnyS259OYMxc4Ut0HHRa\
tE16BTIg6dFbKEiZE4kHtvm-bWNut6M7jRAF9NP-\
i50JBT5e9Rx0wxU5OFfS9lEqMvwdzdrrUdyC9M3ZLgDxK46gFbauphmSnW5pUUzN3gSD\
IJntpwO52G6QB06JJZQHwzwu2AFyLXlc4c3Be10eLVuV_oe02r5I9Zwc3SswMwPce3XT\
OzBq9P6TQYzSYc8LUQEyNPaeNrvMshZYTrYuABUOWXuWGdXQ3AA-\
hu8VeeRmBg07qA7_PZJ1l3IFS3V1CMfAPtRIdn0YG-\
JmbtKATdKb_766CdX7ccs8uOyTQSZQGDDWJGMeiRpUOOLP2bntTww3b_3xhbn77cj957\
-\
Dh95Uv_Y74MOslxI4rrEnt1R4RHOU79GTPkeV7UVRx0_5_uDad8BkFselvogGuPHLa2G\
OBRhv90OeXM6ePJ9wFBZQiLu9KEhvpR9ojGelrbhTCIAxalJ-\
eRmIvH6M5th5mSRvG8WkS5nGk0rlwYwM6ery-\
ULL3im_iBYcu9gHf1V4DcoPZ97oDcyWpxd9n9daaL0uYsCZt29AZu1rmATwUKMtQlr2J\
BETA-XKA4zHg03m7LP4bqciXiv4rQW-vvbtVUVE4o9-6qQEHn-\
tyUhxeruOzsFnRhRu0KzX77d1ywqnZ8FEwUkcr2mb6USXnYKwttkkGTpmJ-\
07etU35rw30hlUK8pAwh-\
3irDBvv7gBxt_P8Xw63NJimclQdhHMkaHOOU4ZtSsJ4A3x1cgLjR-0RhcdTpow8-\
pHSl5n81IgEwZc8kDcVtKKmjONh5Sjc05MErnZkSHUlVc0KewUo53ZbVmX2YW0CfQwRc\
a9dyz0zEuGa4WXIPma_QXlpQrumFJsfpYBsyUsXzOs4ZThy-yv1UZQyHNPB_Jtk-\
2vKMyoyzxEczjXMBcb2mPGXX2UxNEsTuTyO5EB9EMaZoReodXPQ33BXXZRwFlCsEmTt7\
BXglUgnGgx4IdTE-\
ZMnohGnh7IRrwdj1vsU8z8Gf7pcucxuLgb6gCtNa9Ou93VipHkMtP2cbQaUlvDuekzTq\
a4Ha2ddDz4Ce-\
QlJw2sKZolnDKWeHnCOiLrXhKX4VXfaJyx5Lnz5_KKpZf4Aumf4cC_Dz2FW9OfuWLne6\
2vllyet4obwlwZzQrCIPzoMMxBBkRbk7Q8H2omROIdNGSG8HPLoVaP1mCwQtOrv8yjE4\
RpoYZp0rt3zjahuDDsDbZioak8iv0kX8Z5PlObuNW3eaoTR6BsGdoV5IYW7EbNIlqteS\
3jNqykFa4qoEXUuIH_PqFvugULnlmZfe9bkP_9wKC1T_8Cxt_2iHG-CSKgKM1pmnX1Ty\
-fgcvuu1-\
bHYv34WoBwftT5lPqZoxTY5hdfmuZLv1kbjIu1qtvDHhfvwIce3nmmb5i6ShvFWWGEoE\
FyUmNTc8P1BVdH-\
Wq7PO8PT3Fxs6Wn6Akaexsr7J3PAPPFZjeJShprLX5foCDyY6O0ZWWGhpb3SMk7LS2d3\
r7_EAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABMhLUIwRQIhAOjAr07oPDkapBoyd9oaab3piy4o218uQ8H\
            SFCgo51RLAiATGS0lTRzTYsDhvErZz-OVmCZRkqM126jeC_-17Mywrg",
  "raw_to_be_signed": "\
65794a68624763694f694a4e54433145553045744e44517452564d794e5459694c43\
4a72615751694f694a69536a68685154646153584e4957553548596a5248566d464a\
654856776555684d62555a4f64565578616c526f654846425745737755326c76496e\
302e5358516e6379426849475268626d646c636d39316379426964584e70626d567a\
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                                  162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5"
}
Figure 1: ML-DSA-44-ES256 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "eddsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "5ETztyaAQkvflhmjJ6mtdwlWEb3Nr4ymcDpN8eXQ8h4",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-44-Ed25519",
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    "priv": "\
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\
                                                  AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
  },
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                                                 794947527662334975",
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                                                               d50f",
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                                0d73653215771de243a63ac048a18b59da29"
}
Figure 2: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
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  "ecdsa_d": "\
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  "jwk": {
    "kid": "RKckYpZD-Fj494Q4vaeNmq6c3mqg_EhLkiUOo5mhNYE",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-65-ES256",
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                                              315ececbb6406837bf51f5"
}
Figure 3: ML-DSA-65-ES256 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "eddsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "jwk": {
    "kid": "87Vn3JTmvTdxvpetv0rA5GwfoLnCkMxBDCJvYgFVuh4",
    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-65-Ed25519",
    "pub": "\
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    "priv": "\
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\
                                                  AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
  },
  "jws": "\
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                                            1de243a63ac048a18b59da29"
}
Figure 4: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
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    "priv": "\
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                                                              ea0e5f"
}
Figure 5: ML-DSA-87-ES384 
=============== NOTE: '\' line wrapping per RFC 8792 ================

{
  "mldsa_seed": "\
   0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "eddsa_seed": "\
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\
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  "jwk": {
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    "kty": "AKP",
    "alg": "ML-DSA-87-Ed448",
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    "priv": "\
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                 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
  },
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1e93edee91be9a96b186e129427b9795c14b3bbe707467a8b03a798122a4872b0fe8\
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1f3dc8bcad40d85db84947acaa880bc7a6a71ef6092d5607ede73c60761d83a3e31a\
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3e1ee6b1a08a0a4f798707f0651a9c53e1290f89f6ddce13734c999ce0dd0ce84151\
ba5846d83bc3a530b627016dc899c6b22cc956fa40952febbc539a231c86c6a2b3cf\
f9de4f1b29062987b4abd3a55e87e2990e0eb0604275e91ced93cd3552619e26fa01\
bfba688f80a717494f92c46f83aa6a6d190231eb264f3b5373a1b6dce2ea020b1014\
265f717ab3e1edf51b2c2f3d40495094b8bfc7cedadb2c35465e646da3b2bcdffb7e\
c002083a3e77c2f7b6d000000000000000000000000000000000000000000814222d\
2f3638343ffcca25058929504f7b6c89ae1d27d44886139199b04c0e62a265ce7386\
3b8fc5897c518d23b94cb625f3a24929b5e0de5c0ca2adff498047cff1f11b06cb0f\
a53cb8e5504fd4519e73147ff14742a1548013147a4fb3e934a8ace0f3a83ffd3e63\
                                     72b44dae7ec99f09d73ee2c1312700",
  "raw_composite_public_key": "\
e45ffc8cc73db885dc662e62a18cd8e3803297117fa5658814a985b5ff1db7b468cf\
c82bb929f1d86b77ed14f5ae16a65368772ce51912410105e0456975ae91fdb643b5\
12f124d5e60bd68b8c7e31fe01c7b0dc65ae470501cc565a6e1dfcfcfd12565433c4\
afedd511821e2e9610c45275e2836dee35ced69d7efa672fd1e4318bef5eb6e897e8\
b451aa202ded042b2aaef77a7be3f699146da229a8bdb3ffa496445967e75217bfbc\
9048f9956443d8731f833eb30de10dac96fffe7cf65ea0445c3e31e8601e133be6a1\
00764fe3196e267726441f31751fbf9a6f5880644f4e7275e57de2b0f105e4db055d\
50dd1c9c934fddf535b8de28b0c74c0449f222cd2ed0bb8fbc775ccee8c940665b40\
f712f4f7e00750e9e1e4cd9cff25d1945c3e9bca53ccd4f12eee7581856ebd68f268\
45956e3e7beb761f0fe75bdd31bfe2fa018113397b387bd59d62a68b8af7fa245ab9\
32e69f778e2ceefd21304fbb8099ea13d8ea57c1813197a2f75ae251075b51dad38f\
853669e9d5f98a3655098941993a1594860fba71fe530ee5c29f58f2978af688ccb7\
5a5838a359c112e98e25a8583ac8dac1f861fd58e2afba5de5a52e020904f5b42bc0\
874e35befcf3e6119684768f36e008f04712177cebe627607381e56eaaee161c1729\
b8de51dbde474d48cc68249ea27162b87993e60c84ed6cc6423cb3676d9eb50b2cab\
5a3a049ef131381d623fa6fbcbc9db1e7cc025ea0418b9dad2cc6ccd4e95fa2cec24\
feeca70318a751716b7213f63edbf65a63338357f838f94ec071822c248512488851\
07b3d1c4e924678c7614ea1af038104619f2ae372940becfa69e29cbb5ff6c3e20a4\
7be4a4f74bac34c133c00a6a706accc6ffd3d8e4fbd69a99704e1283c850d8c58d1e\
5753cd9587b83c4c346cb9a58137213ec10834c66adfe2bb5c501a8ef2ecadd1b677\
a3df1a6deb86ebf0722c4f5030e20f9018dd5b6fc53eea24fd92b7b5b4025feae996\
d3e48fd4c650d82dbad7eaf936639698512f26253d2ef6847c8518e8565cc9a5495c\
6fff57cde7323882c54a7db470ab2daf8ffd2bf794fa7c692d9e7fbd532eecc1d788\
0e2ca0b3216128be28b4a9f1d151fac97808b0bd98b7b43a612a9ac865812bfeac6f\
47460277840b52a3b087f916ca7cedc0f768ea2bd19ea21155f84b4a04c4000ad2ae\
0587154d560bc0a477a4f9329a8984dd31eb1f2a05e3d918701d630cfca9af61ef08\
8d2c5581acb463e439902e5d425719e956b8d6df7305b28e0ff27d3ad0de2085d292\
499b19a3390d4396fb3bac9a8d8cbead2a7a4290fc9ac6fca045f98a614a45a39cbe\
24360f84d14f8e472712aceb74dbf45b53d49a0e4737e476ffc4d5b2f7cd247aa186\
d3b764ad9e9cfeee456a73c291d8de3912414ac43911c372173ad7b472af35c6853c\
ed2fe7b5fe0a89565ab33baa6f65cdd928319d7065e040e7a5e84f9aa903f7648094\
bad07136b16927b8ec6dbc2bef0cc2856de1e795923e1412c49f24deeb6c21f6c8a9\
765c9c7986e0da4b4c67d8e0d0c8d466824fb923d8573148990cd2ef133c78ceecab\
72ed9dd285c5a3766852d54534207ffd34027f6c76ede8fd1a32d72c30048bbaa797\
d5df6fde27d087de5721ad7b7fa3e8d3f70d6bfc3ab2e252335368bbfa15acb5cb37\
d4694e8b23cebe25de9c925a221a183b904d3f85df9929a919c54d6f87457373a0d6\
ecc1403e4cbbe620999435e80696634cd1a8e4747e9825bfa336e5bbad14f73640f1\
b9febe800dbaefe1630c61fae635b074c564eaa9db189c9e7302873fc64e6d497bc5\
c29080987a07a21d4af210703a4fa07f2fd816f12fd1e29b4c0f44afe9bd4a1eaa8a\
7ae6f02a5b4258f52caf6127f62632a67cf4e8310be56a7c28c86b2e277600c3e92c\
8d23d42586244c571e90568df202f2f6d81f860a565f9eb91a3c78372e2a8b1be61c\
5418cf49bf2d6c8955d4a482a9919b7660b3f9a4404ffc454ea073e1e4b2689ab2cc\
a4e46bd7004a6c491fa26ee7a57d60f35edb2b821e6266442c8f335d452d524c772e\
0353724c23c7dd15b7aa155e91442022140c5fcb0153147edcf3e8952f6f0399a3c8\
8066a72756c9409915de63f64fa797841c57c796c6fc550ef745dfe9f179457f9475\
5ae5a2506a764f327e550be3dc14dd41f3b04b147d454938c63a8d69b2ea4c5710ec\
0b36e3a6c72571fa5d59dde036c42033df35af056966ff0cd1204008971aa6ba9fb9\
7b685ab9ffa2a9d1778104cd2c3b326de1fcbc242e94d0311c3275b12850ed30ceea\
d3a2ee6d060508411d4396f5421d8b6d067cf7cb5e826785fbe119e05e21bd879b64\
f57cb0cd1972c2815f20abe7ce6ab34d0f471af44baad179e90644122f5f33288e68\
9ddddc5ce833e9755df1e73c65c5a201c4ede2ffa6b19274927719d2d38fdb7a65aa\
43708b7fa9a94aa7d3210253d78d3b181e1020d0000bd0a1dc05d447f9f58ebeb84c\
65b36c8afcb83727a1508994e826957a663b0b9b8a003325ab6d6d6462ee4e106019\
c0dffe10323b7bde7d82a38f85fd08786e860ba66c161b64b0708c363de5c6af62d8\
db3c243d1e1b712cb1d59e942b9b6b4295a5a500b182cbd5fd1bc6ce9376d91b47a2\
284f1fbe0ad1c048cc2cfbb4afa3a9eb9697503b69feca990eba7e9441af9ca44cb3\
ac6b5ed66e591c201fe30efa8a7c471dc613d6254c263a8e132104bec47f1aacb3b2\
fcd4051b69b5e3fcb1c147a65c2f90c4b5188bafc521cab03c12a309da50b5a75177\
27ed41228ed123fe1b152f6a6319cd623bf34ad7b8e064ab993260bcbd405f5b7fff\
9b2fa40ba5ed5630242539e5d96823e89dc818a13d16675ee3079d976f694f5acc97\
60ae789e9b3391b289e0e22a7ef17cc6a4577157b6d95c09baa4fd532e3ee0a29081\
0ed35e56bb19d9b61fb98a97c617425b06093d98a5cf0ee2dd127f0eea600b9a0c67\
fbe761db9b77e5d5bba9701da1b883e521a0cfe88451f57bd36085b67e56f061f84a\
2e6a152a71bce6e522daab6a0a33ce22e537fa9793d28b617e6c0a4176a83aa3be57\
8afac0f2f5547c5516d218984755b7445c7143afa4e551fce0071bdb873b34e6b9e2\
b9e79ed0c69d288ed6421f237e860a0c6492ebbdd2a44c2c4f368dbe99941b1e8561\
d859d3859f496cee3d741f252973f8fcc539c409e35cc80a5ed6df23cc3a65601313\
f5d681fd9540c5291a9e30a72e38c96413c47c61ff84fde78d011b01b4154d1b920a\
f003f7abb1e1999dea6a766cf9fd2702b3ce0ee57af931b62124b0861b163a3b91aa\
4bea28076c3432df3b29b6c4e1ba588def420071fc157de90eb2722ecc9ab00df3c6\
69383a61a91bb67bd287ce349b4745ee7a479dbceef166b9acc412eb579fcd643730\
7edda253d606b7be7599c38092bc52a8598480edab8b82b1d21c565d2137ceae0b66\
42619b16133d91205d6355029e9cdfeb9a28b373d95916b6b707d4c712c09cf36daf\
1a511b2bedb1aa70ee58d46a0666bb287784b0a3840c589a7a04d5d6f2216be90aa4\
a512d5632f5c9bfe7b8b13382f999b95d367c7c46b968074ce315197a5ff3545c7b7\
7a804ade56a95b5c24cdece5937b5c0366d93ad03da9bc5db1b551dfb91e9b343d2b\
57b763439686d4a35b3afe03878a49b28232d4f1a442aebde109f807acef7dfd9a7f\
      65b962fe52d6547312cacecff04337508f9d2529a8f1669169b21c32c48000"
}
Figure 6: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

A.2. COSE 

/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-44-ES256 /    3: -54,
  / kid /                    2: h'08e7acdb81ec1e3e',
  / public key /             -1:
h'ba71f9f64e11baeb58fa9c6fbb6e14e61f18643dab495b47539a9166ca019813
  1c44f826bbd56e34e55db5e5e2d733485e39ea260fc6000c5ea4ba80d3455cde
  53b46f34482aedfd5450fc2e1ba4f25d15f9c144242fb39bb52287189030c504
  98e1717b7c758b190a6748ea9aa3f7acaaf2c7cb526ed717c9f79aeb84214fa5
  cd8ded92a0c3fa1558810f12c7050a367708d196cd24e5af974904aed8e4ce88
  72e8696b0b7bca50e452cd7d30ea9a4adac0311d672c6bde8496240b07431463
  708895cd9bafc31632d7397649388fdafcbf7d305a3de9a495eca7433a8f83ba
  0f0b25c413c6e39c96eb7d691b34d37ce37f1eead1cf217e25ef34eecf3f7c60
  f84b8edfdde8405d4f832576c61ef98e0a2f28da187700953924f686b9461470
  5bcf53d33fedd4348edddbdf28b5065e1f20775043e85cf931f829179363a1a7
  e7404a838ec00086b0976386fe637c98244757e3f769ddd4467471bfad670f9a
  05f8246ee50a7b1eaf87fc4069c3ae2aa2033258117792f0bcd49e083fd1bc74
  96abff29cc94e4868b21214ed316525399a610fbdd4a80e7c80715f29578e2a8
  4bb40bdddbd9f47a11b6e7da118a1b658d359e8aef55eb46b5376b5b65597998
  4a922beebfc59bcd600d5309dccd72dbf0787db8ba757b537c1eafd5c0f50ea4
  bc9583549e2829a42c28cac248c96d78124c47159b18aedd754aba17b19d430f
  b78f633ea9d26f54a9bd50f8d8f6b73594f828976e7ea09c53bbb9f11a56c950
  7fb89b9a5ebc037a37267a95f85b8d64ca97192b10a66f417b3f61fe9ca57130
  a48fd925eae2ab5502d571c8a51903c1d398f4c1f76a7e11743976afdbc697f2
  3094a3cd761ff9685de32e09fb3c28add453490300bc7c89dc01780096071722
  945775f264e1b0623bcf4619c712c838761205d87691b75ef360196cbb9e9b92
  a0d4c4ed62326e5024d77510b8ee2c7426cc22eae209dc9f13bde6bf08f5e718
  1bd3b459450b451a51539a715c21d67dd330eb5970db00d9edbfb2822b036fa1
  3bafeb86d8dc78866e3f8d43e53d78cca5595a6faf886b5dc112f1cf4adcfa87
  5800d90b48883af97316fe1506873fc157e570eacbfd222868d14234101966af
  b6bf9940829253a953ada89fc756b6a849f70acb9838e69faa50bba75e3e89c2
  adb57e86d088ab9b04a28e670709172243ec5e0008a5ceaf3f8722f487302596
  ffd755ad1b82a49c34b3469515b46aa290cd86ee38ea7a9be3f103610335b531
  cca333ddfe32b14510f4b07ef95fc6684e8c454a92c10dbb5d59c7a7c63fb305
  fe881967d99e669eb632840582560bb403431d40f75a4954908482278292821f
  4ea91e42e78fa48caee3c836146dcfd738d117e92e9a15137d28e8e6a4b46226
  50cb413504cb3a335d44beec5746c1c294b1e8cb99cb608d928f8ce3563632c5
  21f23d13c61a8f61c01df8c96c7360db4f3c68aa5d2fdd342a62ff3459c11638
  9421ab43e8584c45882b50e6e4e96db6f0b8fde890d5dbfadcd88690b449e642
  40ddb2023747f308363e301aa77757169fc6150628d5920b5aa1ab1c8cbf44cb
  00e025d7879d72b479e3af5311c785725590da9c89b9fc3b8450769554eb44d2
  03eba2bbaef9cad2237011c2ea44eff00f299a48ffe28ca93ddf85f76608242e
  f8d6cc24610a1e2078fcac4f9385c314905ecaa82e553916d94d1a7c1ec652aa
  08897083daa2ebb1775fbc471ae27777d7904ea9f1b92bcac3d8a3158426087b
  645b1108f0d65fec93789c053743ca14fd63d05e98b652df2b9c2ff9ce05f194
  0703ffb273f80e0e2732eca9960d981b4cfd3b7bb8045b3c3830546b9dd8db0d
  046b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c2
  964fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51
  f5',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  3031020101042000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000001a00a06082a8648ce3d030107'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-ES256 /    1: -54,
    / kid /                    4: h'08e7acdb81ec1e3e'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534134342d45434453412d503235362d5348413235
3600ad9c56542caaef74ac6ad7cbf62386c2f4aac8c329e4a6a614fd272572cc
bead'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-ES256 /    1: -54,
    / kid /                    4: h'08e7acdb81ec1e3e'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'2a2fa6272a8cabd04670e6adce8f462c9c905742f528d59012cb6ad1aabe8734
  1df45c39c840a5c2007febfbeb0f755becb8d1bfa4bde4b16656cea016f42f8a
  5cbdc37ff388b419a91ffc31680c14744c3e4d6263f7db6a6d1ab6a983bb6ff3
  5ad62e388b59508913a786ce0fb39d8badbca771021afd7df255002a5ba3dd9c
  0da9b2850a816913c3ef3b353fb24e6294287b7d0799d01056e4ef23aaffb68e
  10a3df96b90ab38d2d4b5e6373d8f321f8c2ffd0a9fc672f8d0bdb677e39ce5d
  c1a3ae817cc1b6bc033bc0fdfea2dba7cd24558bddd594f96c8b21f206b7f2bf
  64b094f829f54f57be1357c3c610e406250f4a689cf00b23f4107b1c07062e55
  b18a73c9ec282abccee312f05a4c057e517647f13593ce6455f1ee721ac7099f
  6bb42f61b8cef0d8faebfa2924a48f2210b25ea1b9daeb698d7d96a3348e921b
  84b98d9fb78111c174aa8f234eb06f02e78a662c2f76302022be516f9012edbf
  26b07b9ee6086d8e5b549d2a953cd35f9a27ad89bbc2747471d38383e4e53c2b
  cddb293fa2807b9baa18d37f8729dad3ee86ff0efa8fe7750eda6d48e838b70a
  94e6b062f402afdb7089bbe24ebd81cfdf0bd73b38c188a9e66bafc3dbe62288
  3d4427c276fd3b101add92294fbee3cf4891022e0899446d76e1c6b20f848965
  f7fa8bfff642c75a3975b8f4317f528ca46d3c08bef2d586be15bf684619017c
  411dcbbefa7333c834f25a137dba319e24b89479a84357765be4be74063d9172
  a1cf2891594b5de34aed7a387ca6928d538e0daf4cfda698545f7ec2a71635a7
  f086e7e342950000a6ce46cf8c52f8139bddb9288cd0e4130b3e90422bc9f464
  fe0453795156f0cd62721e9cc831cc2a9ec0558feb4fa79c1b2b8442b55d9d82
  7e085119afef0c8a6706fba58117c4e5c77f1fe1f766c54f0cd789e383479418
  c5968230d5f86d319d97a009c35c6288c6ac6b7846b3dcc3b9daae92c7759017
  2b77e0ff9258faec938c9996a10d82cbaec999c08a05ee0244002c2383bd110b
  8ad7218cada06646455de2afc247b723961961523b5633fb00bc46aac1bb2a26
  70ac0cb5e79e4335728535c78374dfbafbced9c8a65d01f20435d0500d3622dc
  74ff528cbae4926080c83e4879a0887e168db95c59e85489b0a0146399231f40
  fe9d965908d9f685827d0393a74edf8bf6bc015ab4071dbdfa9e1157db6b63d9
  35144c481966037a464875fff90555c3d055ac8b39b996d3794fc264dd2a334e
  7a0ec253986e283e36c4346e93f97b4f7e62015d72be5352dcc03771c4b4b485
  81367f26296645dd1c886b166b7d91bb8ece9e50a42d86bf22855cdd8c190042
  b502c5d22c7f1f473b25d2c1b5412efaaf5c195c37846bd455c783f9083e46a2
  8a2fcbaeb39a792675ff31431d51a13871091a0c35844904aff57288f076636c
  a826142943837c0ebe5ad0c3210a89d88655c1792c0704dca97bce5b144d3e94
  6100c626d352a1e17e24717fe4478bd9901b0df9fd5eda7eefb1a582732f3a33
  cfa7df15234b59cacf868e1141cb22442e8ccbe970d842b7d1dfe2d6ca1e4ed8
  ccd0f4fbd8d1799177b6c2ef210602b1dd9033ae899c52137937d1538875b152
  dd05357842dd0087325ec0b5343335174968b5b2f15b76db936b6db29bd79e35
  ed9eb0575375a884a3efd57bac1449699b93fe186e0cc6e43b3d0d3e2973033b
  feaf2e1803798b087b049ce8a2c7a2156d1b3a16dde288a158bc740afa154835
  ef7d1b5e6dddbcaafbaf2c490a0bf08a14b69c871576aa370d43cdcb9a0e346a
  4b79f740a8f0168d95c9e2d684ec6759d0302d5346803252bda5bee8d64dee39
  e1686c90a293fb8c2bfedfdc00778141b362e522827a26f3c095ccce0680d7b8
  6b7650cd40f94b272dec01e58da108b0312de29b738b04f26034515a35e4235f
  92b877c5fb64494b54c9e1f8005140ae73b0d60d8ca0f234ae6de7deec60867e
  d3eb04b08602b313c99f69a9497e9a65fb574e1a2e749724fbdea47f58192e96
  17e90afb5a88681042591aa092acbaaf68424287651bca7b1a35fab63936c85c
  440be4aa5a5b86425d7117c6f3a51d499dbf42148cec7dd877733adf30e1c23b
  e878715e58b3538295b02138144b70398bff8124fe2d4931339769e24e563c89
  d75870ffccedb1fd1d5b2eaa2adac94fdf1660dd272513b28b7a2aa8266117e0
  58800dafc46fb20de541d275804933e9e30f5beb5bffa36f4665ba334bf88214
  672a95a104b1877f74ca9b0a18ec2c0769c67871eae04b5b9820fa4e6742c37e
  1ad126a323e28c6c83c2182390297aa304fe8c0b21c85713fbf94f19a2094816
  6c1b5fe68371b509e693fbcfc750aa84eff2608a4d1083647eab2af2a074f475
  732e5fc667c97f1d7374fab7b54897204d61e4f6de7b949a4a8580407f877056
  cb6eee57c95e566fb8f8eb25387f52beacd85813ab6dc779f9b92b278ee414ff
  643ae3bf4c4c449ff35392d5b9e9cd914d1eabfa043ac33d9312ce5b9a82dd04
  eb0491c4584a711c386b78d8e86705c1c07db3cd5a53a3e4ce340f9a178a6107
  eadf883d2ee481ee3c84b73d37d85332b344d235a0ab1cdeb513875949a5948f
  918b1243f43c90b135bc8c4867f53348f563f660efb44401f0aa72e90ddefe65
  7521a382adb5b6100feea242349b70ceff91391e2ad922fb50842a8fdb8a276e
  9f3e5601b8fe27979afd40b1039eaa6b580d672d0a7424162f4a50bd517fe4d3
  3a9cf6d6889895c92aea189b18f6505dd72b9434d2a819e5dd62eae2a3fa26e3
  211e26c7d8751d4fec2304e13839ead9e006d9ba3bbf4a2789339eb2fd974742
  acfecdd9420d3eb68ee031e9d7ad0ca8ab508d9776f2a60e804d0aacad590f60
  bc864b042b0b1e1d90e653bb5171d9637b551b0a04b257866ce2a9830f6822c6
  f56ba8ee1705e527cd5536a09e71acde5faf65e8ce9d3660cd5d4a6e6554c742
  12b01b4baaae32392dc91be9fd764844b7509f7b81c5a54c8ffaba91bc8a9f9a
  db85f46f15a85662adbabf3320164640e5df7d3e1388fd9503ad5f5b43f2945c
  5cdca8cf7f25299ca5b661042fef8a9d3abe25c52003676df0ecda149810dc0f
  eb0e815027994bd1d7b61d80af71b48f22fa709ae8fc80fbc0ead415303d830b
  ea2b10d2f2df077635f7bb9d31ab14e1286e1b4fd20016b869c7fef906d6c257
  148f6bf73d32952b66267b90723e4252d49aadeed1ef89149b684f9747474b8d
  8224afaca962a94c76ead84b91c21fb10c4c3b125c1915978390b525c7010547
  2333393d4e5a6d76777da1a8c7d3d7dee3e9ebf609115584868a979fd4effb01
  1d232931437f929aa9b6bde8020a12172f344b516e7e9fa5b1b6000000000000
  00000000000000000000000000000000141f2c3a304502205c08a0f6a7e4cc02
  8b2ecb57f92bfdf3908b35257e5262d3e54580ddf9465c29022100ed86790395
  b1fbf5356fa8da76381cb2cc10e0b4789c70fc2f21a9e9f7dd9f7b'
])
Figure 7: ML-DSA-44-ES256 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ Ed25519 seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 /  3: -57,
  / kid /                    2: h'b930f85dd9be4a04',
  / public key /             -1:
h'ba71f9f64e11baeb58fa9c6fbb6e14e61f18643dab495b47539a9166ca019813
  1c44f826bbd56e34e55db5e5e2d733485e39ea260fc6000c5ea4ba80d3455cde
  53b46f34482aedfd5450fc2e1ba4f25d15f9c144242fb39bb52287189030c504
  98e1717b7c758b190a6748ea9aa3f7acaaf2c7cb526ed717c9f79aeb84214fa5
  cd8ded92a0c3fa1558810f12c7050a367708d196cd24e5af974904aed8e4ce88
  72e8696b0b7bca50e452cd7d30ea9a4adac0311d672c6bde8496240b07431463
  708895cd9bafc31632d7397649388fdafcbf7d305a3de9a495eca7433a8f83ba
  0f0b25c413c6e39c96eb7d691b34d37ce37f1eead1cf217e25ef34eecf3f7c60
  f84b8edfdde8405d4f832576c61ef98e0a2f28da187700953924f686b9461470
  5bcf53d33fedd4348edddbdf28b5065e1f20775043e85cf931f829179363a1a7
  e7404a838ec00086b0976386fe637c98244757e3f769ddd4467471bfad670f9a
  05f8246ee50a7b1eaf87fc4069c3ae2aa2033258117792f0bcd49e083fd1bc74
  96abff29cc94e4868b21214ed316525399a610fbdd4a80e7c80715f29578e2a8
  4bb40bdddbd9f47a11b6e7da118a1b658d359e8aef55eb46b5376b5b65597998
  4a922beebfc59bcd600d5309dccd72dbf0787db8ba757b537c1eafd5c0f50ea4
  bc9583549e2829a42c28cac248c96d78124c47159b18aedd754aba17b19d430f
  b78f633ea9d26f54a9bd50f8d8f6b73594f828976e7ea09c53bbb9f11a56c950
  7fb89b9a5ebc037a37267a95f85b8d64ca97192b10a66f417b3f61fe9ca57130
  a48fd925eae2ab5502d571c8a51903c1d398f4c1f76a7e11743976afdbc697f2
  3094a3cd761ff9685de32e09fb3c28add453490300bc7c89dc01780096071722
  945775f264e1b0623bcf4619c712c838761205d87691b75ef360196cbb9e9b92
  a0d4c4ed62326e5024d77510b8ee2c7426cc22eae209dc9f13bde6bf08f5e718
  1bd3b459450b451a51539a715c21d67dd330eb5970db00d9edbfb2822b036fa1
  3bafeb86d8dc78866e3f8d43e53d78cca5595a6faf886b5dc112f1cf4adcfa87
  5800d90b48883af97316fe1506873fc157e570eacbfd222868d14234101966af
  b6bf9940829253a953ada89fc756b6a849f70acb9838e69faa50bba75e3e89c2
  adb57e86d088ab9b04a28e670709172243ec5e0008a5ceaf3f8722f487302596
  ffd755ad1b82a49c34b3469515b46aa290cd86ee38ea7a9be3f103610335b531
  cca333ddfe32b14510f4b07ef95fc6684e8c454a92c10dbb5d59c7a7c63fb305
  fe881967d99e669eb632840582560bb403431d40f75a4954908482278292821f
  4ea91e42e78fa48caee3c836146dcfd738d117e92e9a15137d28e8e6a4b46226
  50cb413504cb3a335d44beec5746c1c294b1e8cb99cb608d928f8ce3563632c5
  21f23d13c61a8f61c01df8c96c7360db4f3c68aa5d2fdd342a62ff3459c11638
  9421ab43e8584c45882b50e6e4e96db6f0b8fde890d5dbfadcd88690b449e642
  40ddb2023747f308363e301aa77757169fc6150628d5920b5aa1ab1c8cbf44cb
  00e025d7879d72b479e3af5311c785725590da9c89b9fc3b8450769554eb44d2
  03eba2bbaef9cad2237011c2ea44eff00f299a48ffe28ca93ddf85f76608242e
  f8d6cc24610a1e2078fcac4f9385c314905ecaa82e553916d94d1a7c1ec652aa
  08897083daa2ebb1775fbc471ae27777d7904ea9f1b92bcac3d8a3158426087b
  645b1108f0d65fec93789c053743ca14fd63d05e98b652df2b9c2ff9ce05f194
  0703ffb273f80e0e2732eca9960d981b4cfd3b7bb8045b3c3830546b9dd8db0d
  3b6a27bcceb6a42d62a3a8d02a6f0d73653215771de243a63ac048a18b59da29',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 /  1: -57,
    / kid /                    4: h'b930f85dd9be4a04'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534134342d456432353531392d53484135313200e1
3c73e6534f34e69f9e2dfa19e812f1f92e308c477bf2eb351a47fa69e68af55e
dea2a595419d44082ea6d38d0908d59ea3e97aac61ae9391dbe56c0e5b85eb'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 /  1: -57,
    / kid /                    4: h'b930f85dd9be4a04'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'b90b8fd47a1c28cb219c3cfc816935c875de6c45578c2f0188e3be659eee9003
  d58f029bf5a0abb8af014c0b56bbb3b79ffeb188b7c55cd3111c0fdf6ae109d6
  231225b426f2cc014885306e3286416c3f3bf6d76f93745c15bb47e413356a0a
  db194d5434f542e63a9ad3d6dd9cf79df2c525ba2b7a4e584bbc6ce189dea259
  557f6edf772d2eeb0deedb703e4af723290ac5703394ddea72f9b12597cd52f9
  619df061b0cbf81f428e24fcbc4938caa118201e620a514993b393b3e339f6a6
  7e292f443c72502a4901b6578b8444d76e5a55ed379bd2553b476d522a78bb0e
  18ea01bc09bb89ecc53e606d1082f1010add7c92301b5f8167fde54215fd28ef
  d0aa4e7704312e4d081375917e5697826b1eab14f37765ab1ff1ae9804ebcc1b
  ce26f3a109b563ecf293106536a5623578ae851e35f3431f8a963a1f5186bf1c
  e61612984a06659e1bf49dcbf5dcba6c811b079a03749aebaa56125ecf8f3c9f
  608e2c12993885641dbc97b8ab171ada3f7f0fb29a4280aceacb5b2e7709efe9
  0a1fdf0eea4bb2b702914da3be3d553bb632d4b90fb1c5269121b15d81d4d859
  6cbc60898eb0f0c6acc12fbf28bd0a49d5ee7b666b92ce92712a77f80de223d1
  63e4e6ce002375c4a299d7f1113332ad0d9c04a2ec29090ea57c6f2ae37e3c65
  97f93951a4de89e0cd585a6c24341d67f9f30a576c8d231e8084278d02fe7895
  6df4eb22bfe3ef8a62e18d865f03890551e79626540e7d83c213d3f5f01d6093
  eeab5741dbfed50b3af9511821726325b7f56783cb7bef0ba5db19277a27d05b
  794fc5918e19ef40404f50bcefe8ec06c672b0289ff514d47bedbe8bee7185c1
  20289b3ad26550116189bb7f789c2b73fcc257f3f96fd6d398277934dc224beb
  7f3ee5282e8798203c563045aa0d722c7c4b7b0d0a70a69306cee51d506de71a
  dc8f5b2d2cd9bb77d89f2b2a87914bb9c4d0cf8a32688ed9388ae6e6306f91c0
  c5bb10c6f28bb2d4ac53863c2cec9dd18b4f68dccca8006ed0f2f0675fbd7439
  5c47f4d7e6242f5a8273c406e7bc01181cc12a87cc23c967e2e4731a6eb43c5c
  775b4b1a74658bc38d184d2b5f9fe1a781e57fb9151b45b50e7c959cf73810a9
  ec4bc2ab6bcfda35f92ce53b8e5147fec4a41cc626d1fcce2bcd0b2e8d701694
  bf2b99a895163149ece20b4ed17eb6046ac0eeb7f595b1c85836b246813ac414
  f993ce346bc98ea56fe2e60e4225f22d338d5e6db71c9de0fb83162159eab381
  b1961680d8a87b59bb29096653f27a92eeac28eeb1df6c6c78e4f67288887a23
  bd2294431942cfc3f3deb3d053aace6cf813cb4326ce1004aeba4835f3bd48c8
  ae2b4a9e964d4b24eef0cec84193910c2d0a971dc055cd3f4f248f24a9216e79
  209f73868ea79f692b4cd1e7d262a657566130ff0433459931d309c00f304a31
  5f2fcf7ab89f3206e0a13e0d9e8ef7e1e968b48d071e146d4af01c5fad74f6e1
  2a531018c52113621b9b71252c4dfb11a0674b7d485d791eeee21dc6b86f3c1e
  e8557fee3077c055b7194221a365bcf71898dfed6b9d870d29a63a199b1dae83
  309356a457d660218f53d65e973d2d68eaf43cef0c2990fbc322b76269032f2d
  d5e54dff349d81ec9be3de4d20c101752bc0cb7ff519240a9da5e74b0accdfff
  797c116e338adee136e955d2be61440a23e2b0d05eee023ed777bbf7f32bb4f8
  363f5887aa5e69f456f4865aadbeb450eddc25736466bfa71ec8cbe0a48c6bed
  5fe28ff3d61c5f955318e8fbaa8bb4390ac152ae84fa043b1be624238b4bf1b0
  629bfbb341222fb186d36f2f2349b185fc9f52933433ac02d8430142dc93783d
  9a0324e044e0f0cb7b5881baaa06898dc78c856f0e0884c8c174d82437755e88
  d2717a893a63812b71313248620ed519b2031c6466a16d4fe448df3313e8702a
  8c55485aa7219fb2d178464a5cb044420b135c650905205683fdc0b31c225808
  bbf689310aaa7333e87e7b5e45d85a8c987d14cc65a9f41d7ea3c24fa44aab90
  cf87519ea9b1d61940dfe99d3a84966e1429955ecb9207087268aef699282100
  10096815f3a88a967f595009f7cd778aeb28daec5c6e3be09b1a32f4580517e3
  6253d4942cb160300a60cc8c02df6fdb8db861dbbee60a537a738f9225266c22
  471a20acd4049c9c32334fc216765e51b56da9ec3cfbdb816a05d1615635b51e
  f41ab87cab6687a8d7935d1dc3e74a2daa5e122149c0d1679b0ea2ea912fd9da
  ac610e9fc591f9544d893d1dcc58187b9149e9a66d7a7c3408fdf5ea79bd962d
  e72b5c3e2f741f5185bcb12fa3e58c96d6c7bcabcfb87b2862194feb09660693
  f3d5aa9eb4b717724ba78f13cee6ba9a60894971dbf266f986a003225e0e20c0
  0d3dbe577d27274d4123595fd4fd8223edab6268dc0bab3501c2249a3a6a6531
  fa571482562894994fd661c1718d7e0295417fb917dd5feb8dbeb3233cab2b37
  be26833f29142113bfef92eac50327639312a33db9947892916a0d2245b49551
  1e6f9d4ae25b79763295dae1dc33f4df38394c4a85c192370c002670d20271cf
  8db0cfeb8ab5c1bace322c7dc9df3a6131c797f4cccb4afe12b46a2aad3b713c
  69632f4e82c665a1c42292ec4c6dff66e881cc283d7d1c4923cf2a827255d616
  7a578ab43b315a574488f95dac92c0e4196559bfc5977f83da68a8f7ec6ff7a8
  256df71a071950d3cbfd84f7ed706b7d358eb200f2e92ce2d79e9f3d6adfd834
  5691fbea66ce1099d55520f635b47ad32a3d158cada5253fba8ce2c7a5042fa0
  d20f3402f06d7bcbcb9c8e8a5c6fec6f00d88c131f3e8f17c3389668ac3bd971
  1a982f24c36cd6d56108556e98227313199aed7a79ce9cc661569f482c4a228f
  8c85b3ac65cde8477dd16e3197629c6ec2836ef6ffd032c732f17d420aeb4cc8
  0f41608716d87a9e77a5fece9d38dc99108ff09910c925ad7e82a1bc84bd45de
  4057f64539ca1c63e46d0247ab8dac08d28fe430aebd9aa97cc53322303aa791
  173633a253856d5b956ad23d9d14827040eccbefb5950332493b90fb1763dea2
  7031a146362da86f0b6c750adea1b0386a3e50d072c56b882feabaf7e07898a9
  85152a603468e0d41b8ffb941c343a7255781f5c608f98cbfedb01565f355f84
  cefc32b4562239e42ed0387a1a59d2d68f730288d608cd4385e4b01b2e135b6e
  b11b6c39767675878858236595bed7d7fda32472ad50dbb033cbf94925f8f8ea
  b7e349a300cc2c1ada46f8f59c1f052e06dddd3a5bb8ca455b9a2e1b673675f9
  0b1318252b313a3e445d7077808c979aa1b5bdc1cbd8e7effd03202c3b436f8a
  91a0a6bcdcdde5e9f6f7f8154c5983b7c2cbd0dde1e5f4f7181b5a5d6265a0ae
  b5b7bbd5dbe8f5000000000000000000192b3847c9961e24ac6f9ffe772eeb6a
  c83bccfd7c09891a34e65475b990a446c6dfe19c88afee71cf55978a927cc021
  127ec31626c3284c31c05eb64cc58fcec24c9d06'
])
Figure 8: ML-DSA-44-Ed25519 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-65-ES256 /    3: -55,
  / kid /                    2: h'65c28ec7cdef33cd',
  / public key /             -1:
h'424b2f267e58d5b3b44d71acfc6a656bb26950d57c61db1c880bcfa1feab443f
  0942ab8bdbad7d708abbc356078f6d99a252271fe62c74091eb94afb9b9264c5
  0a888e0dfed80cd5fb2cbd3667e60d539ebe44930219cd4faed15dbb3455a264
  802b9f49bce42ee7550feffdd4642a55ade693868a460cbec03f4fc99a4e30bc
  cffa8a475e5395396674ebb81a94937587880f6dbd27bf1c4f5a9ee43cdd8b0e
  53b3b7fb49c73adfbc2d4f8c54303520c29bf97e26ee57db342d957c89393652
  2d0942b41d82ee3772a00570adfb545c1143922b0496f826a0a970064b36ddf5
  34b5f8e1c1cd0b5565ea846b45431f0618143ece89777bb3f61179ad20295fe0
  a6e062ae6eecbc2ef38f2ac1a22dc93b7b126336223c55b61eb8c0795542bbb2
  dc65e722eadc6866ffa9683beb8a999ad7a83e5e6e016c2e4c35f6f7649ad3bd
  52ec67ec1c5c6e7b9972771218be9554bba7727f0b84c44b9b0a8bd831fcff2c
  9779ccd4ca30c6ad75b04983e41de893ee5f39ea7355180b709c7045c22d33a0
  83f6ae07a114746d1bfdccbee5b9043879bb5a2e120e2a4636283f4a1cd4924a
  2de6a4aa3d99ddd88f48aaa4e88bfd1ea769d82c10779f2ded796db542971ca2
  89b76863ede5997b7e9ce183b43ccec278b10d92b87442ce0435bb1625171db5
  554b470239c50d2a0c3a41b2a38807db070b47bfb3e7d10f3cd979d69963c8d7
  9f8029cc4a48eb04fcb3d708844febaa8b6ddff01ab64d59358e6505c4ec1d7c
  bb14ed2212df458ecefc03fe03037b1505a4c9444322f5f98dfa91a4cb8c4586
  0a2dadc7515350bb6d431e49a6bc8f5ba956e682b0e513321a97d1962602891c
  9078f62a8a9646a31387a6f09684264837899e0d8ec7d11c565901298b20b345
  081690eb4c562c1aa3a25bef06566cb34c79bc0b25e4095d6ba793e81311e41a
  3329152686f00d4897f84fc4edf4b26d545365785ead8d63aef64a87c0b91a2e
  5500383956cdf5f6e37cf9d5482d1c8e3a5be38f17259ac45c9fa1c4bd3bf177
  d312ee52a6da023c05722a8738274dda8d1b04e99831cf57c87282a256c565c2
  96d0524a063a3a41a48a83009978d98d8abf61af68e8013b594fe151d9bec199
  902c4c70b49584201743c6b53103d2fd24bdf078dc90b5a188b4f8d772179988
  d0416c94d4c57c0860b9d7b53d4cd261f332a1851565d52ac37f008747cafe32
  0f363d9beb6e4117db43fd8aeebe5e0ce2f54e3f0367eb3cc971bbe0c301a8e5
  2f96094936035c6ee3ca2d13db483a0dd04dc16247de0e0894ad7cb7e1ae7ebd
  4f8f900582b20021e77f70254501c6ac3dd15d43bbb7931c5283244312158c2e
  b1b3e1117e194f0a1e4c783efbc62c9f81c21562d0d34a5f042b5eaaf32f31f9
  5c5b055f4e7a2070fb096f56c415549cde74f3864e8b9fc27e3299724b463998
  6044b55928fd6972785b280c25a3e21aab814ecbfb0c3cbec0914907ec907f25
  a1d88bce3d319ae8222a35945db62af7cc75cd29c1f5d98fcb93f750dc303107
  6979bb51dfc37d23e8eea78073a24d3e26c68e7bb10e459f2577b90080359ae0
  aec10318dcd9e0f9e34029c31b3e54b1855645db420618783346dad5b55eddb4
  f977b326a655525ebe2195eca9cec38a3c0d2273b77d3e68f1901c2ca5149734
  a51177bcb089476b18cba09fa8b9b46d94a2946f358e1decb1998652c58a9085
  2423e2c85e79d19724461627e6390d1a81fb1a72f9c7edc4bd747dd5c85217b5
  856141028414ddbe71458f0a0b2b589df2e1b051783b8f718676b1defbae98ba
  496c2a935e92eeadea0a8393ef59f9e914f0743fe65640ddf9981cea6dbdd957
  a534ad4e790efc974ee89938ad99d53c5b680775399326834729bb37b082e795
  f8d87f52e6c8a8db68e515c277bbea82a7570d4280896c987a0608903e306c63
  2a223c55f0ea3682039c4a3f5440f4b5ac3e6ed2b2dc900cecc72b72f50e49b2
  629ad30f0487b2707b86286f8c4f55659b25f9bdd7a6af460cc3c57a3982663b
  b717461581e196894929d84153d87a7f482d284b5b894ce1a78216b2a011f2b8
  8742cee52d5133e8fe77edae242f5af91637c37ffca32430509b2fe4756303a9
  a3659fe32528af1e10d8d43bea991b2d109786cc66d35b1d78df254b92cdaa40
  f91a987e4a922ca81050e5bc3530ca85493bdf2a825374d0a8310a6860284ec3
  ec732326eeeffc42bbd42bc91b73e5e7c6b599d016490637629f3876c3e42f8d
  b590e66a85a7838c818f78fffb4853cbef09434989803545dca87657cf7c7e7e
  6afa71382bc10fa0bb6480f243eea1b861101006fa0cff3275621943cc58eb4d
  c3a0428a5e425670fe82268de71c511d8ffbdc11b0d0f961120e971015ad5f44
  8886b802e3fac11672319d487c84f1001339cb969784cb57344f2807f8b425f1
  d73caf8496d742ed237f4c9fcd5a4e84fba7e27fb1a8ae12c4f0427ae24e910d
  951bd8c35d61f8a678db01caea8ef789a95b62ee1b8c5d32c6baa536ba88a107
  0ea61aabbf59294e3f6f974c4c91cafc5bbf6b7ecfd57a18fb7557d71e06e900
  d281b0b49aa00feabb35714af33870edd7ac2393d93177f79ee5606c9df176f0
  25ce49a6e5ff51a2a412ebf86ac0f40471c96ad4c119df230be6173df530ed65
  6cbd8069214741ecdd0271c603fb6c4a8614ff878d33e726cac6693e938ca3fb
  a82c4995c14a2d4af9014fe4c4c50b794cac596b52189f66a7106fb325b526ea
  046b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c2
  964fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51
  f5',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  3031020101042000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000001a00a06082a8648ce3d030107'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-ES256 /    1: -55,
    / kid /                    4: h'65c28ec7cdef33cd'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534136352d45434453412d503235362d5348413531
3200ca2b702903acf278f47a0ca5abb69b13a60605a055f7334ed9c6de25e1ca
63ae2bc4995cc7f9279eaf70c25a1f46a77b90756657e2b1fc623ea4bd79c384
6935'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-ES256 /    1: -55,
    / kid /                    4: h'65c28ec7cdef33cd'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'eb31a839b3b9a2de6740077573d34b0f8536f7bc480f42a07e44eaf3b5efa783
  6fb96ee559f841693beb99ac8c458343f233640f6f54243cb93840a13959e0e6
  b0dd1b34891b56cc126ee9ac4ebac54ba28a8c0b676266a4543abfa9f00d403f
  ae8323e28b11d3e0017274bad65ff2a322bd36b86e8108cd9704e47d70d7cc92
  8065cfe0c5c18ddcae6debdbd90e1aa08b2101adbd648399987aa2aeee602873
  97beb5c3e83b1ad102a31ada5c7a32b265ae5a7dc6643f6591d4b3b6109c7b8f
  311d8de6c53efe6100110227106de0475d202de65a6d5cad520909f50cf0d117
  fed2b65242014940de066e9d02ae4d56d3b462c7500035911c96164db7b101d6
  b68e73babfaa68cc435af83f98d2284c99831e1d1811059153cf25c6300bfd73
  a6549bd512f095f3a220530c41090ec52f6b76e29b3e6efa5f016ebb5e351ce2
  4f78144d306fd947b921fa14afc10b107e5a801412a5d2332a1eaf2cf7e993c8
  baa74a75a26f118ca44da3ffef9c1ecd9d5cedc29cab177a1f0ec58acf6e54d3
  4e57177c63fb74e34a15acbaf1cdec9902054f749492c798543384de2195bc56
  5002551b52c6d5c5069a7d3c8e4fd9cd4b7d32ee579171952712109efdc2ef4f
  1929a69bc40c976d6af90fb956af77b891718dc491845193c14549782f207d70
  baa59d9ad3fe201d753e28eb8756a0572500d74cecd1fe5503428e5a925fe09a
  b42dfa11421be6fd88e96de15bac81d6fa8f7e1390e9671d24540c26b94f2a78
  f37bb1a8b9ac908defc8f2771297e1702f10542e6d922ad8332ab16455fa4caf
  f5c6b246ff8fbb378dd966dc436e03ee22e83e073e60feb916c7ef1be6f424e5
  d401423a72b7953f7705bfcf569355b20a9fa8ae340738e98bd8a62369774bba
  c2a47b8f87cb4a0a4f5e82cc6214c17b517f4ccd556f29caeb8c0e11acf8d018
  3e44e313335821c3fcf992597181127d8254a2d74a20369fcd51fe2a5f309815
  dee9f9a307808d624145b09b45fb8ca4e14f716823ba465f160da727783c454d
  0aca565c56226af06bd0634e969bb950d9fb96555bf8814ab28593f2d4b4a945
  4851f7013a4ea7d46d781e219484a43ae4d308c2f546405fd750fa2fb9b187ed
  18f9b7d1e52eaa58d78a49a0c0ac390723f975d96277df4a0c0746bc76bf4722
  c84ebd11aface18fa9269a7a95a9c6a0667018f78583875d30691d2043437289
  c1480a77f6dc55138a9eceadabf7173769c0d1a4e65091244120e51a974238e0
  ed3f79eb879f67f6066b3fa40fd9e0f34f55e4aa80edfef9bd8ad073a8e681dd
  c3cb3b35947549aee8fe3a241ffbfc0cf10cff212c69e7f8d4074ac2fd89bd4b
  6111be94c1cf3abd41dbcc414d0956e01a65f7f684abe574dbd4db5fa4afad83
  364659577debbcec6fcca437bffe9280a26cae019c01b25d393ddb46e2c09e36
  80a3a7bbf4a5908867e761e225a6fb9dc3a9c2226bc68b3849e218b936600a63
  34c1586e152e84ad68ac0055ff6142670f2c51a47ffa4dfd8e84d75c289339f0
  491f9eb8db2292b4da6ec54c3034e60ad4adceaa7dfcc349ab0964865469a081
  3de15284d23d101d02a03b16a1807214b708d79625f86e94f26b234b5640d505
  3df76b00b9cb3cc1b46ad08692192f232e1c03dd55d22aa6b3ea3aded2c70a11
  c4c8dfc18f4b85ee273d07a9297b5f1c104958927b23733086df4510a1346e34
  a01046b12906857f8f789d681c6ccba97526fba5a9e742615484b6a0a32dcc30
  7a5215e9d36be0098e4300f29b8601f15e0d0a6facd899304cdc3de814e3ec9c
  d2f294143c8e5d56780575ba06ec1d34a18df398124397a8d879b59683068a47
  07c357f1bede1788569651f2f7ca06beea3096bc5463b4088702c74cf978bee8
  96e0d99c2eee8ae2320d4003ccb4903dcf6452baf318df5d9a94f2d9f30ff37b
  f77a9106d680d73e835b6f23ed8105621e6c8f0e6b02ac5866e439ff3d2ca4fb
  32a9398d5a04f507f5f0d5b82a5284492768cdf9a89fbd854c28a459604ddbf6
  f6586e23df3cea929a96396cebb03a4321773d23157805edde975290673d8ea5
  10f071c04b645009e8b20bafc37324525e550519d17e132253edd3e920b85b71
  c877291e36710b5b57933ddf718315c1a230f284b3a1715f858922b37f679508
  9ec69874fbf3dd2c544f77fde18775686d85c92a8fa52582fa5f444c5bea0c13
  1c593d8ac8b0bd96acde9b9abaa16a05be0bf604c4de1af77ef6b3c9474a5953
  2ba10e8d4a05f8d9ec7a6fb545c7b6a30c5a83916603a016977c65e2b8b4583c
  24489da237d153c0bbd8ef1009604ecb988cf319de06adf1d24237642373154f
  2d6723161b35ecf5d7d1b4ba6bdec9931681cf6dba67c7fe7def2370b7b4f73b
  8eb14d2042323843e69761f015940120dc7edea9ea1d6ed4a4a43f4b31e7e692
  91cbbbedc615e3e2ef453f65387e180686b08de8cda0a9f761e02c4b76db484f
  010908f6f97d73c2154f6083abf12c907415d199ac9df6a157d511f8e2f5d1e2
  0c36ce7da69a8457263eada6ab152bc6928b3357eda17314dec890bda5fe33f2
  3d0dcc823480bacb02e7b56a68381216f0575cfa2491e68afb88653e349b7574
  5b0fa711360762ad8bab39f7e498c65c2ddc796b156dbef72ccfa3bca4789060
  ac33f0179c0a925c4697b490523066675bcc40519ac49756832fe73b948af61a
  f48ea20b775afa4e4880c0cd0001d9ee831e7e0baf5fddf12aba12b5c001108f
  16aa342bd1df76ea2f8358e2e5677997c24c1e467906da82c0307dfda6b8c40c
  14218c9a98057765bd154b1e6083ed7e9507e67b97d8356cd58c2bf8f68c95e5
  b15be7d43577711932f33ae99a99f2329fef451c132651a7aa44a52d0ca8221a
  a6f8d53779c160b61dcb747863a2a43e96cfea88c1203fbfb1e36a19b2bea394
  e9160bd9731ba5ce87509460aefa03396e314de7fc90d5135caba197cd3d991a
  5a899d649f9f0335f72cba9885bef04d314ca20740681c0e710cb590494289a9
  b331536139b1cb2566bf3f2d3fafbe8016350cb9938ee87e926bfb9b07401d5c
  244cd774103fd4a713d7080acd1639158201f17f80244812433e4fcbb69975e8
  3c9bc26bd7cc9bdea6fbb29aa52e92177f2cccec409ad1c5d6a3608994c6a8d2
  65704ddb492bbf5b580e2c04a8b0ed36b75c8f10569b06b7d0f007ee0f7162b1
  f7c3f8d1e7f496568b53d596df98bbd2983337c5b3b37208e1ed4e2f5e9c7e73
  dd498e3a3400b34d32240e491bdff35ef7c2ae9e99f13ca5f7d235eebfc6bcd4
  5695b47bdf482a792eeaeae048175d3f7a5d51f0dba4f4dd4fcce2300f7df8c7
  6e26ab36686e73d2fd29e2be23d577f7efb01549cd5462e69325db648fc09bbd
  ec3146f3f80a7d0b958c02ad7276e8326d72806570a85131bd0ac4d4bb7b3c16
  6247e2669ea62d3bc24da1175f80dc726f29232e5f2136401bc53556add83245
  4b3d1b54e22a944028f1c1d05f1741b519b63ab9d2881508a0ae1be515890fdc
  f8a3b82cd99565335d3120501ae01115f1c0f266a90fb3498528d67b039b77e1
  9f050a1cc1837f00f539f65af7e85c57fccbfa054355b501a9f0529b401c86b5
  350561c16628c771a34b86e99d3941bc37beb2119f53020eaf71885220216b47
  8a867e6d2c39e5ad1d92d8c629f1e851e9b298f1926ecaebff6b57a7f4789cf1
  c8c3b9f87c289ef139997382759d991de9733161169185d546ff288e35584f61
  d44940c799e1f9bb8591b49a7f5cef234c454e6d97c8879869ce57a2e30bad36
  f93a34183e25f0e60a8b9f6ece0426143c0ce94b9545854a8e7ba93ef5af604f
  10204de39608915f1826a42acaa4c2ed5840cac6cbb3d65706ecec946d04f6c1
  923e1492a40d7d39a68f38f4c5baa982055b5f6e419167a55ac8c9806fdd90d9
  5e0f783ec4d90ecf89bc8a90689fd3116c4102a002714822e2754168c70a3cec
  69ee0cda813ae34a0c01d46bf6102dbbbfbccf6b9c50fce710621fe2a330a014
  0577eb81dee01567a05356cf7433d68368687b909e54f495382a478abbd95efd
  17537dbfcc514c43ec522a7c0d0b4829809215ba6a4b1854ca9aacf312df139b
  931a1d1f97ebce2cfc6b0c713ab0c7a3c9b9cb543c9f02f316e0f9e813ebe130
  bfd6d4c3c7d6c4c0f03940f07548c63226d4327119670c61fa954e31d0c4b47f
  9df65076a6a6a672a0fea7cec3de8fd40f1e3a3ffb83c3882c334408d55e788e
  0490b1b49c5ca75e2d154f8c507c2183cc7ceb98864c369f29b116c80e80a14b
  b0a1374c4258721093f386d6161ed32cbc943776ec1136b2bae812ab3f949aa8
  5bac47f1a2001f39acedc313cb8f2f1156a8181aa30d86a80a036b1643e5f18b
  51ea5a07ce06d972081cd015a348a6e69f963107f5d166e673d96d7f9d574035
  667feef40096e9677f12a0ea9cdbbe99a23beafc33311fe85b58d309de9c77d8
  ce1a4b104434db0c7e32719b7fc950b2a4cfad52ce167b6acc8c4a84a532a215
  13df7b1b28f6526351de26955a0e01924f4e4fb531f2d28a1c1e6312cedaf8d4
  a284a26de3f4ce7dc313f34121f8204a5f627c99c5edf0117998b42f315b95d7
  016c95d5d9f20415292a4e4f5f74c0ee042b3b7791be00000000000000000000
  00000000000000070b101620263045022100c7a159bf3c820f2b6555d1759c42
  51067ca742e30959600a967320a2a750bde0022004ccb16e3f95fa1a1df99883
  852423e6f2973227f3929b4a646a70ef1e85f371'
])
Figure 9: ML-DSA-65-ES256 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ Ed25519 seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 /  3: -58,
  / kid /                    2: h'93fe1616a4131f5a',
  / public key /             -1:
h'424b2f267e58d5b3b44d71acfc6a656bb26950d57c61db1c880bcfa1feab443f
  0942ab8bdbad7d708abbc356078f6d99a252271fe62c74091eb94afb9b9264c5
  0a888e0dfed80cd5fb2cbd3667e60d539ebe44930219cd4faed15dbb3455a264
  802b9f49bce42ee7550feffdd4642a55ade693868a460cbec03f4fc99a4e30bc
  cffa8a475e5395396674ebb81a94937587880f6dbd27bf1c4f5a9ee43cdd8b0e
  53b3b7fb49c73adfbc2d4f8c54303520c29bf97e26ee57db342d957c89393652
  2d0942b41d82ee3772a00570adfb545c1143922b0496f826a0a970064b36ddf5
  34b5f8e1c1cd0b5565ea846b45431f0618143ece89777bb3f61179ad20295fe0
  a6e062ae6eecbc2ef38f2ac1a22dc93b7b126336223c55b61eb8c0795542bbb2
  dc65e722eadc6866ffa9683beb8a999ad7a83e5e6e016c2e4c35f6f7649ad3bd
  52ec67ec1c5c6e7b9972771218be9554bba7727f0b84c44b9b0a8bd831fcff2c
  9779ccd4ca30c6ad75b04983e41de893ee5f39ea7355180b709c7045c22d33a0
  83f6ae07a114746d1bfdccbee5b9043879bb5a2e120e2a4636283f4a1cd4924a
  2de6a4aa3d99ddd88f48aaa4e88bfd1ea769d82c10779f2ded796db542971ca2
  89b76863ede5997b7e9ce183b43ccec278b10d92b87442ce0435bb1625171db5
  554b470239c50d2a0c3a41b2a38807db070b47bfb3e7d10f3cd979d69963c8d7
  9f8029cc4a48eb04fcb3d708844febaa8b6ddff01ab64d59358e6505c4ec1d7c
  bb14ed2212df458ecefc03fe03037b1505a4c9444322f5f98dfa91a4cb8c4586
  0a2dadc7515350bb6d431e49a6bc8f5ba956e682b0e513321a97d1962602891c
  9078f62a8a9646a31387a6f09684264837899e0d8ec7d11c565901298b20b345
  081690eb4c562c1aa3a25bef06566cb34c79bc0b25e4095d6ba793e81311e41a
  3329152686f00d4897f84fc4edf4b26d545365785ead8d63aef64a87c0b91a2e
  5500383956cdf5f6e37cf9d5482d1c8e3a5be38f17259ac45c9fa1c4bd3bf177
  d312ee52a6da023c05722a8738274dda8d1b04e99831cf57c87282a256c565c2
  96d0524a063a3a41a48a83009978d98d8abf61af68e8013b594fe151d9bec199
  902c4c70b49584201743c6b53103d2fd24bdf078dc90b5a188b4f8d772179988
  d0416c94d4c57c0860b9d7b53d4cd261f332a1851565d52ac37f008747cafe32
  0f363d9beb6e4117db43fd8aeebe5e0ce2f54e3f0367eb3cc971bbe0c301a8e5
  2f96094936035c6ee3ca2d13db483a0dd04dc16247de0e0894ad7cb7e1ae7ebd
  4f8f900582b20021e77f70254501c6ac3dd15d43bbb7931c5283244312158c2e
  b1b3e1117e194f0a1e4c783efbc62c9f81c21562d0d34a5f042b5eaaf32f31f9
  5c5b055f4e7a2070fb096f56c415549cde74f3864e8b9fc27e3299724b463998
  6044b55928fd6972785b280c25a3e21aab814ecbfb0c3cbec0914907ec907f25
  a1d88bce3d319ae8222a35945db62af7cc75cd29c1f5d98fcb93f750dc303107
  6979bb51dfc37d23e8eea78073a24d3e26c68e7bb10e459f2577b90080359ae0
  aec10318dcd9e0f9e34029c31b3e54b1855645db420618783346dad5b55eddb4
  f977b326a655525ebe2195eca9cec38a3c0d2273b77d3e68f1901c2ca5149734
  a51177bcb089476b18cba09fa8b9b46d94a2946f358e1decb1998652c58a9085
  2423e2c85e79d19724461627e6390d1a81fb1a72f9c7edc4bd747dd5c85217b5
  856141028414ddbe71458f0a0b2b589df2e1b051783b8f718676b1defbae98ba
  496c2a935e92eeadea0a8393ef59f9e914f0743fe65640ddf9981cea6dbdd957
  a534ad4e790efc974ee89938ad99d53c5b680775399326834729bb37b082e795
  f8d87f52e6c8a8db68e515c277bbea82a7570d4280896c987a0608903e306c63
  2a223c55f0ea3682039c4a3f5440f4b5ac3e6ed2b2dc900cecc72b72f50e49b2
  629ad30f0487b2707b86286f8c4f55659b25f9bdd7a6af460cc3c57a3982663b
  b717461581e196894929d84153d87a7f482d284b5b894ce1a78216b2a011f2b8
  8742cee52d5133e8fe77edae242f5af91637c37ffca32430509b2fe4756303a9
  a3659fe32528af1e10d8d43bea991b2d109786cc66d35b1d78df254b92cdaa40
  f91a987e4a922ca81050e5bc3530ca85493bdf2a825374d0a8310a6860284ec3
  ec732326eeeffc42bbd42bc91b73e5e7c6b599d016490637629f3876c3e42f8d
  b590e66a85a7838c818f78fffb4853cbef09434989803545dca87657cf7c7e7e
  6afa71382bc10fa0bb6480f243eea1b861101006fa0cff3275621943cc58eb4d
  c3a0428a5e425670fe82268de71c511d8ffbdc11b0d0f961120e971015ad5f44
  8886b802e3fac11672319d487c84f1001339cb969784cb57344f2807f8b425f1
  d73caf8496d742ed237f4c9fcd5a4e84fba7e27fb1a8ae12c4f0427ae24e910d
  951bd8c35d61f8a678db01caea8ef789a95b62ee1b8c5d32c6baa536ba88a107
  0ea61aabbf59294e3f6f974c4c91cafc5bbf6b7ecfd57a18fb7557d71e06e900
  d281b0b49aa00feabb35714af33870edd7ac2393d93177f79ee5606c9df176f0
  25ce49a6e5ff51a2a412ebf86ac0f40471c96ad4c119df230be6173df530ed65
  6cbd8069214741ecdd0271c603fb6c4a8614ff878d33e726cac6693e938ca3fb
  a82c4995c14a2d4af9014fe4c4c50b794cac596b52189f66a7106fb325b526ea
  3b6a27bcceb6a42d62a3a8d02a6f0d73653215771de243a63ac048a18b59da29',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 /  1: -58,
    / kid /                    4: h'93fe1616a4131f5a'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534136352d456432353531392d5348413531320013
bf26c18c38c85eec2ea1676900c4e51f304ab5d26947817f2729d93ee9eac71c
c5ba8f35065b5b44b2fe52c4dc3e8b686dd0098edb8775206a386db94e305f'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 /  1: -58,
    / kid /                    4: h'93fe1616a4131f5a'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'87d1c8ddc4b0604e2ba43597c743bd02ebcd1529c00a57f4064a22258d676130
  d05cf245a6cd5f2e85bf8f9baaae3d295e50850618166f07480cd182a0a10c28
  7f9dd0dffd6c14a2cf60a89165997d6659ef884d71ac41d83d52a5553002c890
  e3edc58e8e828e194c3573fce2dd6044975d8283b13dbb6c7642401ef90a0930
  89d7e593ed04b0766e755b3edd23209c80e1998be8accf72584d4a6e33ab0bd8
  1fb530b49d24737ab7cbf6b03db261c56163819066ee14a3c7d0371ca742470d
  c7a33a08a35052eb5d3e4ecdb8d8950b9fbeaa694e5aa0d9b7e45ae09d6d92b9
  d51e99e2eac4334ee0c404ecf28f25494411f7e6288594657ee2fcdc4fe54166
  f76dbb1f2cef71f430228b161bc850ac43bdcb80379658c3321bcf4a7379fee1
  dcaaf46d16693b3a1262d3af45f1c91f80e906fc8124aa269540dbf287261d7d
  a562a83073a2f2d4160473219c4ba41227a39f480bb08e61ad59300996062735
  c9df06fa5eb4e7830e7d7dd3e767f07dcb6fc39ba9a01409520684f406bd2f2e
  1421730f547e5d92f8af3b335d70580c6a6f452cee6aa44bd0c440145a7c2b64
  cccc8f8f6d3258d17fbd4a1b87fd5ec1bc837ed275a4f6440ab230e996817f25
  0bb37a078458ad5c747513ec52dcd015ed64dd03aaa5edca6adeb144336863d4
  6f36385099dbf6f1b12dca8241d8819f9499a702f2cb5a7a2d93a2714ee4ad87
  161c9d41104888c483c8472cc27ffb5c84fb4fb388ee14de18cd4796c247b676
  df4f4d59e489297777d0a9130b3815956d18167f78940b2d355469806ebae845
  c4be54c57ec14eab7a0fcdefb6e20a96ffb6d637d8d79412e9dbc892ea89994d
  49cb08d6a0fc0f31296f8930bdd74f131eb19a3827bcbe40506dbb2d4327100a
  269501325f86303289e4cb0bec2c5024ba23081b6610fc0bfd7605bc63101143
  fa9833ad55aaa056164d097eefdaea0f56826051ee9a808d983cb20572da144a
  884acba016749c3962d2cbb5b6cde867f7b31b19f78443860f145da2536358b0
  4bfa2918283cb278ae401af937c6aba3d9089ecba820e8299935fefc8997969c
  6b9be7220a306cf1f7d8cc492b06f94ef7b43a2cc3e1ae3f0d4baf4e558a6769
  80dd130d7c44b92dd99804e342d0f6078872badfbf2580dd86a26fc10495a69e
  cc985ced0b34248558c5400da617ea552f8671379b788e1d09e8e83575cc32cc
  8f3ed81a63b4c945dcf2ff54f3266ce28089f5f68bb0e49714ad9ef80bc8aa70
  20da6a038e66972fcf335742ad8dddc8b959620ca177717ad498524cd96014dc
  15514f514cf17f0433db1127526f25ba17c0938359e373e43998169bc99a07bb
  bdf1bbd7c363cdfa6249ce1bd207923cd2c286994ec75e9f26fdd0ff752f44bd
  011cb3e753fc0717d11f88011a0c84db8d88038c351b91931ad5cd477e02859e
  01c4c2bfd9945de2f1fb067bef79e430f00b069dfca02c2533e56c0ebdb47594
  83155bb7e45ae86f47eb0fa051cde714833c9a0aef8deeb9fb98ddbfa3d8f7d7
  86218d54eb9593c4011d38d5521067bfe03a3859d3606b4b3eb3b2cb1760b7c2
  0d0f886810f3656edebf4bdb1c51711aed2f452bd69cc04546da0922b922670d
  4d9110ea24986b85bcd6c707146022863ad85556e857f06ed6b0bd585f89c119
  59ab1650851b23b773518ed9bbfdce997711940d47f915d0bc11170a0babe85c
  f6d1c272e5d0573d4aac2e595579c7457e4d6c881443f472cf5e865a69dec3c6
  69d8c1775a86b249cd8f3618c9259add0a71a5a82c375137067e0ffe4f8d544d
  5a825c1a64ec33707da7e3de4ffee65064711c4e06626e66c85ff13ed50242e2
  1917a2647e47b8c158137e716ff308b207e80c95c3c8eba252d00d5d475a130b
  931d11995200ed0e2a24a0795c436a997f00b6ee47ce6ab66f53502f64e02180
  dcada208f21a584d703a996c378de45964768200cc42c5471f07d9d82652c826
  534c6c1a7619231b073171575dee7764a274033f066ba6051a87cc864e2d3033
  6ea6a49dcebab9de149ed8b07bfd3264120311b3bd9a1f05bf343e2bc1fd4e85
  64e6b8bde25fdc7af3e90db002d0b1b1d98760692dca483af82c337e3595f714
  4668cea652cd0de44ccb9c7e367dd50bd5fe61c03a3d7cd605552a5d439f556d
  600b60b6f1e984a6af1ea083cee8dfaec7d1190b99423320fcbd92bc884c4b40
  9d776eeae6dbbfe0864237c5748a243eca01c2da9a6c8d7d5a832c2acf1989de
  da9a75b6218a5074d34e769d62a12a58aa4e7d805b1a44b1fdfb2d4e90890865
  5a3b063593d6b9d02ca57eaee51e8ed1dfd424ab35a7ac80ebff839167e33e19
  c68249b6a54e9f7016ad111f13a0857249a97231e37a860669bf9a094093c8b2
  0d721e06ba200691e7e551112a90905fdc7b083b36cbbf4647aaa2b66c9f9e5d
  221fe1ef48a46b35df63898383f90a99eca53840aeb71df47849adbbb449a707
  7aae229aec51c3674ffac50ef6a8c7f047b382d2da716b32c381168c2799f650
  779bb8532b470fa81091a12fc9ac43499124cea67dba8203b71b203b8ede4105
  c91e13d4364cdbc7a7c05c7b5ca38a0d1e55389286b54a51ca5b53b73c785ce7
  8a4d854c6f37d5bb2a6a658f1e51a916c9ff573cf23b11def800792cd83fdb64
  ed773010ae15f5bc6890b3fc5c2410998d6565427823b200b2390aa9dc209850
  b1da9152e97f3b87afb356cb86b95fad6c5eecd1e4184c0f8abf2a8d1b088def
  6a973f97d5c6210e8a471f82a246babba14774e1dcbe25da51f0ddbd86d1284d
  0a6f1d4b4e8056d098ed7cd66acff2e5cb54217c0a6890f36fb9ec70f08f887a
  a437395a0efa9be575b05aa37187a4c032468e539d637eebc998b5a026502a68
  fccdee1545bb74bbc518e5ac5f49e607ba8c047393160f9f330e2862045694e4
  521beee46a6594bbab59802d93377b7158ae7803a56b908e98879ae6f94ba2e5
  ce58d7c3367ac216391ab60592b690bf936193cb25cc6ae23d7fda0089b485be
  1790a9a3d9198036597e7315507c637de1f890566bb8ba1adc00d4eb2623ebc7
  8849d167d5b6a69e8b8b541e252963404c62c16a4476efd04ffd49a65e44a030
  c4ed134878a483ff369f5553a695bcb90f31dd0bee1d28a1f240950ba9cbfa4f
  c53015f98a04ddb3a69ebad552b51604fb864d636fd1c5f5758416cfda17cc33
  049b1119cf82706d28900a36e8af5fb6eabb01ae2384237c136aad9142364886
  26bc3fe073086a1dbc64f7f39a9fece1719e3a3ab8581c964f6470c71d1008b4
  cad337ecf297eeb3978f4a9618073a2ed4b6df84a2994c2dd442d8eb233dbf8f
  7aae015d54cae131bb575c5031ad8c909d16c778c95d95ee0605e255d0f1d8ab
  2b8f1602865de9132e8f52e667001b1115b4fec4df86b7c9dc02f75ad3f85757
  c4202342729e0b0cd986f4918d2f68d607a075237976843b80fbec81bc1592f8
  68682ce14bd9afb31c1ffe9baa5b23bbcdbf9dcd3193333f4c600c8c19f53c34
  c43c964bed80149c990f9af7b7259a37502d8671a1491c4b3faeea8a8c331fcd
  73c3ce7f7c4efb1782f2a78f117e174d498ed5127bb043861cf276330dcf120b
  e7435ca7d62ae7b7a2ee673931bc891df1f3737ff8b2bba6eb741cf37d279c0c
  d41e2691a8f4534c02803ea720b50d4339d75ea9998650c8b30db56e95333875
  6b8dd7a242c95e92fc8825bd9cb2700af12ab75a17f73935b9f8013ec6f8a6c0
  7d2f856d9f7a02ea851b71452d978c7eccc3de248aee679021d4758d12379811
  5d6690040a57ce722b0e8bf6b3b63382615c570da0fcd7d75f228878020e7c40
  b3cc8b79d2e6e5b0b520b928d1a717f0f4815677d5f3978d309615cb69cb3faa
  9b596d4b48c6ce8edbd73b37f0cd002170b4bdaca4d05b82d7f5f41a8c6cd9db
  cfc0567d709017ec13ffb54a598b52b0d0490c0731eb01554a4909004501aded
  f7f82d0a282514d03eadbea6cbc3c1bbfe8aa56ce1bb90611730f644debc8976
  e064b3d2a380129cda5f290f95bbc47c5420174370a1c2c548ffacc1bd51b0a7
  aaf8fcf57c975044b74df7a462dcbb808521e935b7ca4dc663208c0859fcf5cd
  3e2be1f29b0cf5df8e5e348d9983889924810d3e4be6f51c365adf3b6c015058
  8899f4d782daca9b4231fc35ab5c9445d25adaf773d20ec893959306d6255759
  dfdb26b0625cabb2764f00b58afbbee7081cf35165494fba3cf6248da5e24611
  0c9288a20bc3047e99374e2e6f70752d707a377d8846806e8626bba3891f6ed0
  884a601fc27c5885aac1b46919dcab0399b60c43cb1b8143b798e1eacd1ab663
  e2241d4d228230dd53211bbee783fe6363122a001994f45321b131ffb91ce395
  7b6de21342cf456365e59863f90c83ce7bc3a565a885eac0f9b34fa10c52418e
  1d70a8a065ec5682c48eacf731354c0e89823e94ed20ed7c50e4ffab56dfb578
  04c020649dedf5fad3a764fe3f97901d2e56176facf69ff1b03d2c645707c6f9
  165a6136eb1cf0ad6eef6d315c479e3b717fb88b254528230e54769e758fc4d1
  ee611e04884c9c2090a23e2900c56a48011a3ab7f3214354676ea0b61c5474ab
  c9d9fbfd081a30565ba1b0d74e8a8ea7cbe5e90c243e4771ef00000000000000
  00000000000000050c141c23296fedf9de10b3aaeba9ab0de9820002613293d2
  68425d7a34c3e2aa1cc86d28ef32fc69b2f842ae14de62f70de597c2b16cbe61
  67d2629dca0fcc3cfb0b6cbf09'
])
Figure 10: ML-DSA-65-Ed25519 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ ECDSA private key d (48 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000001'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-87-ES384 /    3: -56,
  / kid /                    2: h'10da59a01e274d3d',
  / public key /             -1:
h'e45ffc8cc73db885dc662e62a18cd8e3803297117fa5658814a985b5ff1db7b4
  68cfc82bb929f1d86b77ed14f5ae16a65368772ce51912410105e0456975ae91
  fdb643b512f124d5e60bd68b8c7e31fe01c7b0dc65ae470501cc565a6e1dfcfc
  fd12565433c4afedd511821e2e9610c45275e2836dee35ced69d7efa672fd1e4
  318bef5eb6e897e8b451aa202ded042b2aaef77a7be3f699146da229a8bdb3ff
  a496445967e75217bfbc9048f9956443d8731f833eb30de10dac96fffe7cf65e
  a0445c3e31e8601e133be6a100764fe3196e267726441f31751fbf9a6f588064
  4f4e7275e57de2b0f105e4db055d50dd1c9c934fddf535b8de28b0c74c0449f2
  22cd2ed0bb8fbc775ccee8c940665b40f712f4f7e00750e9e1e4cd9cff25d194
  5c3e9bca53ccd4f12eee7581856ebd68f26845956e3e7beb761f0fe75bdd31bf
  e2fa018113397b387bd59d62a68b8af7fa245ab932e69f778e2ceefd21304fbb
  8099ea13d8ea57c1813197a2f75ae251075b51dad38f853669e9d5f98a365509
  8941993a1594860fba71fe530ee5c29f58f2978af688ccb75a5838a359c112e9
  8e25a8583ac8dac1f861fd58e2afba5de5a52e020904f5b42bc0874e35befcf3
  e6119684768f36e008f04712177cebe627607381e56eaaee161c1729b8de51db
  de474d48cc68249ea27162b87993e60c84ed6cc6423cb3676d9eb50b2cab5a3a
  049ef131381d623fa6fbcbc9db1e7cc025ea0418b9dad2cc6ccd4e95fa2cec24
  feeca70318a751716b7213f63edbf65a63338357f838f94ec071822c24851248
  885107b3d1c4e924678c7614ea1af038104619f2ae372940becfa69e29cbb5ff
  6c3e20a47be4a4f74bac34c133c00a6a706accc6ffd3d8e4fbd69a99704e1283
  c850d8c58d1e5753cd9587b83c4c346cb9a58137213ec10834c66adfe2bb5c50
  1a8ef2ecadd1b677a3df1a6deb86ebf0722c4f5030e20f9018dd5b6fc53eea24
  fd92b7b5b4025feae996d3e48fd4c650d82dbad7eaf936639698512f26253d2e
  f6847c8518e8565cc9a5495c6fff57cde7323882c54a7db470ab2daf8ffd2bf7
  94fa7c692d9e7fbd532eecc1d7880e2ca0b3216128be28b4a9f1d151fac97808
  b0bd98b7b43a612a9ac865812bfeac6f47460277840b52a3b087f916ca7cedc0
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  5f',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  303e020101043000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a00706052b81040022'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-ES384 /    1: -56,
    / kid /                    4: h'10da59a01e274d3d'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534138372d45434453412d503338342d5348413531
32003d6fd747cc68677a62997fd4a814d4c52c5e9fb7f705ab768d2208c65329
4e011af85badadf768cc7ec59891d43094aa6b303883e30c1ab7a04b6b831295
559a'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-ES384 /    1: -56,
    / kid /                    4: h'10da59a01e274d3d'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
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  6bf0b1ff29253840d140f7964599467f5442d7a96fab4efd40ed93b2f878e306
  2231056946de83a4203bc3a67d4a6cfa12ed5a307722942849e3824e67bc7ce6
  ee893ecf76e3dcdaaed187c02fc851e01dcd33950381660bdfa7660dfe759cf9
  a4147caab00e794ae150756c4485b9019a505b2f232d2cb23c704e6557aae8d1
  f6f0ea38bd3567c708ed410e998b3c9b70a7d8428673a71d2f96dacf1fb71d55
  5c6260f65b33fb4e16fedb3423ddf3cbf4c6484f063c984e51831e4d80177026
  c67dc9168fea7e43a8b168692dd90a11e273506244784de1d6beae5af3350ac1
  9dd6954c8de21fe67e700a019f5346129ea23b8faf4c3e3e70b3ab444fe819cf
  966169af0ec7f6e12fd3bbeb65a8fc87a12dc2ff81ac518c9a19c77b3870a602
  305cdc096a96fa18a08ecdb45edda76aba3cf6d39fbe0d15521bd367997b8c13
  b2e39f54e59f58c6efb5833bbb1400afd2c4ea9c19faf4e94aee05e2a77d8868
  a37e0847cb925991462ddc5f806032d5ccd3102422fe03a3ca650635809be994
  ff246b0f3bcd07918efaa6dd6debb0470f30dbc72f8293349225901bc843c0f6
  cf1572467986fb055a5c20b3705a7ac51333688c78752eacb06b564f3c196dbd
  2386ef181b2b52b2cf090c20222f9a9cd2eefe065997999babc7dfe5e9f40a50
  69b7c3c5d6353744919bbbea618e94c0dbe9304e83a0b7b8edf7000000000000
  00000000000000000000000309131e252c323a30660231008a2fd552a21df4ce
  623dbeef7f6a9385cb7bad3779bb35914fe211fd34d175043348a8efa56680df
  d45edced21ddc5de023100a3137028126347725829460993410c91bf7bffa939
  8e37f6c6e142b89ae7f6775aa6f0847a4dc92cff5aba679125c65d'
])
Figure 11: ML-DSA-87-ES384 
/ ML-DSA seed (32 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ Ed448 seed (57 bytes) /
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'

/ AKP COSE_Key /
{
  / kty AKP /                1: 7,
  / alg ML-DSA-87-Ed448 /    3: -59,
  / kid /                    2: h'a03b6fee7d98ff7a',
  / public key /             -1:
h'e45ffc8cc73db885dc662e62a18cd8e3803297117fa5658814a985b5ff1db7b4
  68cfc82bb929f1d86b77ed14f5ae16a65368772ce51912410105e0456975ae91
  fdb643b512f124d5e60bd68b8c7e31fe01c7b0dc65ae470501cc565a6e1dfcfc
  fd12565433c4afedd511821e2e9610c45275e2836dee35ced69d7efa672fd1e4
  318bef5eb6e897e8b451aa202ded042b2aaef77a7be3f699146da229a8bdb3ff
  a496445967e75217bfbc9048f9956443d8731f833eb30de10dac96fffe7cf65e
  a0445c3e31e8601e133be6a100764fe3196e267726441f31751fbf9a6f588064
  4f4e7275e57de2b0f105e4db055d50dd1c9c934fddf535b8de28b0c74c0449f2
  22cd2ed0bb8fbc775ccee8c940665b40f712f4f7e00750e9e1e4cd9cff25d194
  5c3e9bca53ccd4f12eee7581856ebd68f26845956e3e7beb761f0fe75bdd31bf
  e2fa018113397b387bd59d62a68b8af7fa245ab932e69f778e2ceefd21304fbb
  8099ea13d8ea57c1813197a2f75ae251075b51dad38f853669e9d5f98a365509
  8941993a1594860fba71fe530ee5c29f58f2978af688ccb75a5838a359c112e9
  8e25a8583ac8dac1f861fd58e2afba5de5a52e020904f5b42bc0874e35befcf3
  e6119684768f36e008f04712177cebe627607381e56eaaee161c1729b8de51db
  de474d48cc68249ea27162b87993e60c84ed6cc6423cb3676d9eb50b2cab5a3a
  049ef131381d623fa6fbcbc9db1e7cc025ea0418b9dad2cc6ccd4e95fa2cec24
  feeca70318a751716b7213f63edbf65a63338357f838f94ec071822c24851248
  885107b3d1c4e924678c7614ea1af038104619f2ae372940becfa69e29cbb5ff
  6c3e20a47be4a4f74bac34c133c00a6a706accc6ffd3d8e4fbd69a99704e1283
  c850d8c58d1e5753cd9587b83c4c346cb9a58137213ec10834c66adfe2bb5c50
  1a8ef2ecadd1b677a3df1a6deb86ebf0722c4f5030e20f9018dd5b6fc53eea24
  fd92b7b5b4025feae996d3e48fd4c650d82dbad7eaf936639698512f26253d2e
  f6847c8518e8565cc9a5495c6fff57cde7323882c54a7db470ab2daf8ffd2bf7
  94fa7c692d9e7fbd532eecc1d7880e2ca0b3216128be28b4a9f1d151fac97808
  b0bd98b7b43a612a9ac865812bfeac6f47460277840b52a3b087f916ca7cedc0
  f768ea2bd19ea21155f84b4a04c4000ad2ae0587154d560bc0a477a4f9329a89
  84dd31eb1f2a05e3d918701d630cfca9af61ef088d2c5581acb463e439902e5d
  425719e956b8d6df7305b28e0ff27d3ad0de2085d292499b19a3390d4396fb3b
  ac9a8d8cbead2a7a4290fc9ac6fca045f98a614a45a39cbe24360f84d14f8e47
  2712aceb74dbf45b53d49a0e4737e476ffc4d5b2f7cd247aa186d3b764ad9e9c
  feee456a73c291d8de3912414ac43911c372173ad7b472af35c6853ced2fe7b5
  fe0a89565ab33baa6f65cdd928319d7065e040e7a5e84f9aa903f7648094bad0
  7136b16927b8ec6dbc2bef0cc2856de1e795923e1412c49f24deeb6c21f6c8a9
  765c9c7986e0da4b4c67d8e0d0c8d466824fb923d8573148990cd2ef133c78ce
  ecab72ed9dd285c5a3766852d54534207ffd34027f6c76ede8fd1a32d72c3004
  8bbaa797d5df6fde27d087de5721ad7b7fa3e8d3f70d6bfc3ab2e252335368bb
  fa15acb5cb37d4694e8b23cebe25de9c925a221a183b904d3f85df9929a919c5
  4d6f87457373a0d6ecc1403e4cbbe620999435e80696634cd1a8e4747e9825bf
  a336e5bbad14f73640f1b9febe800dbaefe1630c61fae635b074c564eaa9db18
  9c9e7302873fc64e6d497bc5c29080987a07a21d4af210703a4fa07f2fd816f1
  2fd1e29b4c0f44afe9bd4a1eaa8a7ae6f02a5b4258f52caf6127f62632a67cf4
  e8310be56a7c28c86b2e277600c3e92c8d23d42586244c571e90568df202f2f6
  d81f860a565f9eb91a3c78372e2a8b1be61c5418cf49bf2d6c8955d4a482a991
  9b7660b3f9a4404ffc454ea073e1e4b2689ab2cca4e46bd7004a6c491fa26ee7
  a57d60f35edb2b821e6266442c8f335d452d524c772e0353724c23c7dd15b7aa
  155e91442022140c5fcb0153147edcf3e8952f6f0399a3c88066a72756c94099
  15de63f64fa797841c57c796c6fc550ef745dfe9f179457f94755ae5a2506a76
  4f327e550be3dc14dd41f3b04b147d454938c63a8d69b2ea4c5710ec0b36e3a6
  c72571fa5d59dde036c42033df35af056966ff0cd1204008971aa6ba9fb97b68
  5ab9ffa2a9d1778104cd2c3b326de1fcbc242e94d0311c3275b12850ed30ceea
  d3a2ee6d060508411d4396f5421d8b6d067cf7cb5e826785fbe119e05e21bd87
  9b64f57cb0cd1972c2815f20abe7ce6ab34d0f471af44baad179e90644122f5f
  33288e689ddddc5ce833e9755df1e73c65c5a201c4ede2ffa6b19274927719d2
  d38fdb7a65aa43708b7fa9a94aa7d3210253d78d3b181e1020d0000bd0a1dc05
  d447f9f58ebeb84c65b36c8afcb83727a1508994e826957a663b0b9b8a003325
  ab6d6d6462ee4e106019c0dffe10323b7bde7d82a38f85fd08786e860ba66c16
  1b64b0708c363de5c6af62d8db3c243d1e1b712cb1d59e942b9b6b4295a5a500
  b182cbd5fd1bc6ce9376d91b47a2284f1fbe0ad1c048cc2cfbb4afa3a9eb9697
  503b69feca990eba7e9441af9ca44cb3ac6b5ed66e591c201fe30efa8a7c471d
  c613d6254c263a8e132104bec47f1aacb3b2fcd4051b69b5e3fcb1c147a65c2f
  90c4b5188bafc521cab03c12a309da50b5a7517727ed41228ed123fe1b152f6a
  6319cd623bf34ad7b8e064ab993260bcbd405f5b7fff9b2fa40ba5ed56302425
  39e5d96823e89dc818a13d16675ee3079d976f694f5acc9760ae789e9b3391b2
  89e0e22a7ef17cc6a4577157b6d95c09baa4fd532e3ee0a290810ed35e56bb19
  d9b61fb98a97c617425b06093d98a5cf0ee2dd127f0eea600b9a0c67fbe761db
  9b77e5d5bba9701da1b883e521a0cfe88451f57bd36085b67e56f061f84a2e6a
  152a71bce6e522daab6a0a33ce22e537fa9793d28b617e6c0a4176a83aa3be57
  8afac0f2f5547c5516d218984755b7445c7143afa4e551fce0071bdb873b34e6
  b9e2b9e79ed0c69d288ed6421f237e860a0c6492ebbdd2a44c2c4f368dbe9994
  1b1e8561d859d3859f496cee3d741f252973f8fcc539c409e35cc80a5ed6df23
  cc3a65601313f5d681fd9540c5291a9e30a72e38c96413c47c61ff84fde78d01
  1b01b4154d1b920af003f7abb1e1999dea6a766cf9fd2702b3ce0ee57af931b6
  2124b0861b163a3b91aa4bea28076c3432df3b29b6c4e1ba588def420071fc15
  7de90eb2722ecc9ab00df3c669383a61a91bb67bd287ce349b4745ee7a479dbc
  eef166b9acc412eb579fcd6437307edda253d606b7be7599c38092bc52a85984
  80edab8b82b1d21c565d2137ceae0b6642619b16133d91205d6355029e9cdfeb
  9a28b373d95916b6b707d4c712c09cf36daf1a511b2bedb1aa70ee58d46a0666
  bb287784b0a3840c589a7a04d5d6f2216be90aa4a512d5632f5c9bfe7b8b1338
  2f999b95d367c7c46b968074ce315197a5ff3545c7b77a804ade56a95b5c24cd
  ece5937b5c0366d93ad03da9bc5db1b551dfb91e9b343d2b57b763439686d4a3
  5b3afe03878a49b28232d4f1a442aebde109f807acef7dfd9a7f65b962fe52d6
  547312cacecff04337508f9d2529a8f1669169b21c32c48000',
  / private key /            -2:
h'0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
}

/ Sig_structure (M) /
[
  "Signature1",
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-Ed448 /    1: -59,
    / kid /                    4: h'a03b6fee7d98ff7a'
  } >>,
  / external_aad / h'',
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573'
]

/ Message representative M' = Prefix || Label || 0x00 || PH(M) /
h'436f6d706f73697465416c676f726974686d5369676e61747572657332303235
434f4d505349472d4d4c44534138372d45643434382d5348414b4532353600eb
80b80e807c0f16622892f1601d0d3490d4bfd302131d01a2d4bf7bdd3a779cfe
9e8f724e18e0c40bbcbc6b765ec6e265d470334456a0ea65eceff85438207d'

/ COSE_Sign1 /
18([
  << {
    / alg ML-DSA-87-Ed448 /    1: -59,
    / kid /                    4: h'a03b6fee7d98ff7a'
  } >>,
  / unprotected / {},
  / payload /
  h'68656c6c6f20706f7374207175616e74756d207369676e617475726573',
  / signature /
  h'f0daaff4a8ad5dd198507460ddf682da14042e8b9b959e87f288c0d1ba23988a
  74dab4714bf83ce0e08faf21fa583ff32a17aaa82b47c20004b8a1b5268ba2d6
  1090ef4759fb88aae86ca29d64b37892a213ecd7e42f75c2c309d4b600157694
  5ad7f4350a44a4f695727ad919d663b6e9c316c00bead18dd9a612ce0dfa30d0
  ffb38883b5e078901d6c316ccfc2f68e833b20e344c8f0d76f197061198434f2
  60939eafffa4004fe6ba52203cdf38576eb0d0ea0663b4faebdd447aae574fd4
  e4b415e81aafeccac2461099679dcc77cd07bcf7eff34267646aa1b603f8b304
  783a36c1478ad7e09f545d0f3a9c56f89433d74a410161e98c5f94bb8e0a15af
  a09e89d2460a7f5cdd28336fb63812dd43f5a58f311e4484ae4e7a543e11b134
  124a5f85c3b3c7a46270e2a36c733378d8b94946ca0c84d32c40c60430ef1d1a
  d34c975e8a919e978eeaa001ecac29f0e26a5a96cbb33686101235ea18f293c1
  4c4d1d50e1f8f5e7ca656e216aa363745707549d5ab5e423a3e5449506e56523
  15343344da1c07b6c57e2da431583b21a3cf43d03a90ffb7cc58acb5eca7e801
  ad18a8aeba1827a799dd44054c65e512da40f00db77ec3757a166147e077bdea
  275f64d7e14a0b9c1fc69b58e210450b77a0cb4ea1659a84a42c576681c6cb6b
  962d795cf2205fe460f52a7bca3956fb583ccc31a1ef753dd5418e7072f70000
  77a57c2c286d6c6d7e04f5d3f71504bb084a88f2fd99138b18cd6d94d0b9835f
  920701a26541356d0b2a5cad75e07726d41a5d2cf97ad4634f120800b766ba96
  4b905141d163c896a60d24803fe82b8acaf54850e5094d14e3c5b974f6920b27
  47b8ee0f83ffaa7e3fd03c83c38cf7f357590e04cc58555ff7c7d30b5d81708b
  60719d4c87ba37a02f3b45097b92b62b96010736a6b90d59d9c8dc0113ac6bec
  5858e5423b40b9bb5fb6d56065681fcc15ed8662d99448393cfbbbbff3bfbd42
  1006b33c73a7dddd825aec52ef8994ae51680989514b36e41901fe2fc6fe9398
  63e683d76777a54911776a1243293d3649401742765835acd99ce355d156abcf
  f04b24d7e0e3b060086abbb44bb1208916712cd78fe969ed00bcd184df271dd3
  5f2af483412f77e097de302e8b41503b00ea6c2035c1a6531c426b95946f792e
  a7613ed9f441d7bcb0a1988e337109f7fc4b6cc2a3d67d36d60b8f3d8e378f61
  3e05612ca610ca8ffcd5a87c1dbddef704da1a935e8f58ba0e10613bc321dc6b
  0be699755891138b5596da7b3a3ab73fe196808e3cb37e3d7f5c57bccb7d0c0e
  859291b87239ee764240f1bcfa75a9d777fda1d15d46d132d4ab77ad990ded3f
  148780db9a262a79102023990d863eb6a8d20a267851d704fdd264c989c39038
  a339e41ba89e1600869df1c4c5a5be4476af6feac43fd98f3c7c6be37f3d4118
  d8555c31933c8bd87c57fc8aa2ee0cf1ce6ccc4bdbfc5eadde807d22e1c4fc4e
  8d905f77cba4acb88989384f78b966d8eb511c34c686cbb542172dfc616c5789
  950c03c877bfa62729e733c0acb945a4bc75479afd0d3c2ab8dab5947d507322
  4500ab781c26a817983bee7fe704c939b49465094957814bfca726354f1ff25d
  1c97040803c28cd0b36dfec32b5ce3e0b5d47441a9af3dc63127bde4caecb23d
  f954ecee58b68292f804e449f672449a2512bd89cc3faccfeffdb288fe434c03
  88c6f585d84f02ef489a10cba22639ea252ad9a61e64b2b11672c6b5ebc910ca
  045779a2b1de7f5d2587dcf8a22e4651e21cd95f0a190a08fe25da94ed31b1b5
  928fbbe746f58ed47d816d9a12d02cf91fc80ca28c48ec7d77a0829965a44f84
  5139c845876349a09c4909b5914ebafee567582af2bd26e7b0f9c01d77682085
  82b123223dff3dd9cb68a7f74ba7592496aa9ee30c8a32eb0c7d15cb5b3eaf5f
  94e5e219300ec93ca5e903d0f1d548d47b1caab71b2b2883625442e138412acd
  58487062d5d0f4664381013c0173aa16f6b7344df63be78ee4a4a5133fd8ca76
  fba958f56f7fdff3beb271cd309c397c3ba72f67305946661a3ac430c8774704
  f7af069591f74c3184f6e3d45f37d89ab9cefa0085d46f231c5c641ff36c1115
  4ad82c76f81a59dda5a03446af7b25635ac46ba6912bdc4c1dbe47c263159707
  512a7b6d91d28c407610c567bb694ba3e5ddbfe63b4220d1a3438c12bcb82ccc
  e97ac5052748516ee56b605ecfe5aa5b9572efcc0ea05b327d253ea4bee956cb
  ead080ab735e65ba7894f64acbc96eece3f3c47e6d2d8b44167f030652e4a82b
  292c3d1f0fc7e9b4aee8686a3fac99fbdbe8c71b9aab0a5b3121c68bfe89c17b
  96c67095a6e43b5ae90fa622fcb99adcd91bbce0f08ec073184c245df0664207
  adee86fa220e3d7193c262e9a1c2a8cf58badeb48fe97b9db780ea3c904d438a
  18eb72489d6e191b78c157049ff733b553fa7ffd4c47547d3a675b40a93378be
  1888690e4d661aa42aa63ab14d4fafc0db81b38584d8df1f6aa8cf45eabe33c9
  2b7932426267097a5643a1c7b400c2deebb9aadb42e8fe9395666fcb947e4051
  0078068f30f8fd8c8c1fb40fa0fa67e1e520afac66cd021addc50ebd9185b4a2
  8752dec586c1661d0dac4a387e289cde7dfe216eeea96e165c67ecfd41e7c560
  8c0d9092a92584866230419edf5a7db40fe0526831eb2ee658f2398cc93420ed
  64f6bd4b3b2873c148d4d9f4722c24992ef9ef5ea04e86ea0109dfdac965355c
  6531950cb497e2b95ae7f36e1a80e9b18f7d9cfbdc98f29404e95235a03709f1
  54d8496d0a245ceb62d433901dae95001a95df6d16968db01f0e53f61c69183c
  c4855eaed460c53eef95c9ac59b69f8be5f856caa45ed389ba9a5e9b65ad3d0b
  496ea2fb3c23362ae314cb67066fe78838a410a0378b2ace255bf965ef494475
  d741c1f25a610733792c071cd067709a3b70e03e6b443de436f890893a00222d
  20223618d680efd0090a386855bd80dea02a7a1c7b9a8077dd8b9cea56878202
  7b4b9bd549c433746cbdfbeb1c9e877230a2c7f8d24ddde580a8d25bf15b3ec1
  08c5a1cc84ff7b263d1cc36663f45b50d53ef8c50c465faa135afdb99d482906
  84492198c47c798e650d48022a66a1d2d44df4194c99901be3a23952c1aa7732
  e83b3183b42d2386118410ede7ebc8e738cf6580ebc3f7a4d194c9105f94942e
  570d853406075c7032f9066d86c774dc0d3eec2eb3ec63f7b433196c51746524
  f0808f45be8813a89250e8afd9183754cfa9345749ab897d79104efbc52728cc
  cfe6d0d06aa74adebacb181d04ba53826de7b676292a32fd0879441b2ff16fd9
  19b40a9c09eb77af0c9f14254137b39a70e8e0033aa1bd4b1901d9126ec79ac3
  de23f2ed3c6e816b3550485ae00c6ef2e5f3dfbcd9415abcae46a4149ec95351
  5e3e072715697613d20fa32d86be4ed734eaa4d8d2341c570e2e51d11b3c5753
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])
Figure 12: ML-DSA-87-Ed448

Appendix B. Acknowledgments

We thank Orie Steele for his valuable comments on this document.

Authors' Addresses

Lucas Prabel
Huawei
Sun Shuzhou
Huawei
John Gray
Entrust Limited
Tirumaleswar Reddy
Nokia
Bangalore
Karnataka
India